Parkinsons Disease Flashcards
The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei located in the base of forebrain and top of midbrain. Using the labels below label the basal ganglia:
- Caudate Nucleus
- Putamen
- Internal Globus pallidus
- External Globus pallidus
1 - caudate nucleus
2 - putamen
3 - external globus pallidus
4 - internal globus pallidus
What is the main function of the basal ganglia?
1 - control of movement and motor learning
2 - emotion
3 - memory and learning
4 - sensory processing
1 - control of movement and motor learning
- part of the extrapyramidal tracts
What is the name given to caudate nucleus and the putamen when they are combined?
1 - substantia niagra
2 - neostriatum
3 - vermis
4 - amygdala
2 - neostriatum
There are 2 ganglia that have a close anatomical and functional relationship with the neostriatum (Caudate nucelus and putamen) and the internal and external Globus pallidus, and are included in the group of cell nuclei called the basal ganglia. What are the 2 additonal ganglia called?
1 - substantia nigra
2 - subthalamic nucleus
3 - thalamus
4 - nucleus accumbans
1 - substantia nigra
2 - subthalamic nucleus
The caudate nucleus is C shaped and contains the head, body and tail and follows a similar course to what in the brain?
1 - lateral ventricle
2 - 3rd ventricle
3 - thalamus
4 - brain stem
1 - lateral ventricle
The caudate nucleus is C shaped and contains the head, body and tail and follows the course of the lateral ventricle. What is at the end of the tail of the caudate nucleus?
1 - hypothalamus
2 - amygdala
3 - thalamus
4 - somatosensory cortex
2 - amygdala
The internal capsule is a white matter structure situated in the inferior medial part of each cerebral hemisphere of the brain, do the following sit medially or laterally to it:
- Caudate Nucleus
- Putamen
- Internal Globus pallidus
- External Globus pallidus
- Caudate Nucleus = medial
- Putamen = lateral
- Internal Globus pallidus = lateral
- External Globus pallidus = lateral
The substantia nigra (latin for black substance) is composed of 2 regions, what are they called?
1 - pars reticulata and amygdala
2 - pars reticulata and caudate nucleus
3 - pars compacta and pars compacta
4 - pars compacta and pars reticulata
4 - pars compacta and pars reticulata
There are 2 parts to the substantia nigra:
- pars compacta
- pars reticulata
-
Which of these 2 regions is responsible for producing the majority of the dopamine?
- pars compacta
Where does the largest afferent (information directed to the basal ganglia) source for the basal ganglia come from?
1 - cerebral cortex
2 - frontal cortex
3 - occipital cortex
4 - somatosensory cortex
1 - cerebral cortex
- specifically the motor sensory and limbic areas
Within the basal ganglia, which 2 parts receive the majority of afferent (information directed to the basal ganglia) stimulus?
1 - globus pallidus and putamen
2 - globus pallidus and caudate
3 - caudate and putamen
4 - caudate and substantia niagra
3 - caudate and putamen (together they may up the striatum)
- putamen (somatosensory, primary motor cortex)
- caudate (pre frontal and limbic regions)
There are multiple connections within the basal ganglia, and these can be direct or indirect. Are both of these excitatory?
- no
- direct = excitatory (glutamate)
- indirect = inhibitory (GABA)
The direct pathway sends excitatory projections from the cerebral cortex to where in the basal ganglia, and which neurotransmitter is involved?
1 - striatum (composed of the putamen and caudate nucleus) releasing dopamine
2 - striatum (composed of the putamen and caudate nucleus) releasing glutamate
3 - striatum (composed of the putamen and caudate nucleus) releasing serotonin
4 - striatum (composed of the putamen and caudate nucleus) releasing acetylcholine
2 - striatum (composed of the putamen and caudate nucleus) releasing glutamate
- striatum (composed of the putamen and caudate nucleus)
- glutamate is the excitatory neurotransmitter
In the direct pathway excitatory projections from the cerebral cortex are sent to the striatum (composed of the putamen and caudate nucleus) and the neurotransmitter glutamate is released. Where does the striatum then signal, and what type of innervation is delivered?
1 - internal globus pallidus releasing glutamate
2 - internal globus pallidus releasing GABA
3 - external globus pallidus releasing glutamate
4 - external globus pallidus releasing GABA
2 - internal globus pallidus releasing GABA
- striatum to internal globus pallidus
- inhibitory projections releasing GABA
In the direct pathway excitatory projections from the cerebral cortex are sent to the striatum (composed of the putamen and caudate nucleus) and the neurotransmitter glutamate is released. The striatum then sends inhibitory projections to the internal globus pallidus releasing GABA. This means the internal globus pallidus, which would generally transmit the inhibitory neuron GABA is reduced, or stopped altogether. Where does the internal globus pallidus then send projections to?
1 - hypothalamus
2 - amygdala
3 - thalamus
4 - somatosensory cortex
3 - thalamus
- internal globus pallidus to the thalamus
- no or very little GABA is released so thalamus stimulates the cortex to move
In the direct pathway excitatory projections from the cerebral cortex are sent to the striatum (composed of the putamen and caudate nucleus) and the neurotransmitter glutamate is released. The striatum then sends inhibitory projections to the internal globus pallidus releasing GABA. The internal globus pallidus then sends inhibitory projections to the thalamus, which is usually active releasing GABA and inhibiting excitatory projections from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex. However, if the striatum inhibits the internal globus pallidus, is the internal globus pallidus then able to inhibit the thalamus?
- no
- no or little GABA is released at the thalamus, like a tap, you can turn on or off, or medium flow relates to the amount of movement we need to elicit
- thalamus can send excitatory projections to the cerebral cortex and stimulate movement
In the indirect pathway excitatory projections from the cerebral cortex are sent to the striatum (composed of the putamen and caudate nucleus) and the neurotransmitter glutamate is released. The striatum then sends inhibitory projections to the external globus pallidus releasing GABA. The external globus pallidus then sends inhibitory projections where?
1 - hypothalamus
2 - amygdala
3 - thalamus
4 - subthalamic nucleus (SN)
4 - subthalamic nucleus (SN)
- GABA is released from external globus pallidus and SN is not inhibited
- SN releases glutamate that then stimulates internal globus pallidus
- internal globus pallidus in turn then releases GABA at thalamus and inhibits movement
In the indirect pathway excitatory projections from the cerebral cortex are sent to the striatum (composed of the putamen and caudate nucleus) and the neurotransmitter glutamate is released. The striatum then sends inhibitory projections to the external globus pallidus releasing GABA. The external globus pallidus then send inhibitory projections to the subthalamic nucleus, which is always active. However, if the striatum inhibits the external globus pallidus, is the external globus pallidus then able to inhibit the subthalamic nucleus?
- no
- subthalamic nucleus can continue send excitatory projections through the release of GABA
In the indirect pathway excitatory projections from the cerebral cortex are sent to the striatum (composed of the putamen and caudate nucleus) and the neurotransmitter glutamate is released. The striatum then sends inhibitory projections to the external globus pallidus releasing GABA. The external globus pallidus then send inhibitory projections to the subthalamic nucleus, which is always active. However, when the striatum inhibits the external globus pallidus, the external globus pallidus is unable to inhibit the subthalamic nucleus. The subthalamic nucleus can then send excitatory projections where?
1 - external globus pallidus
2 - internal globus pallidus
3 - thalamus
4 - subthalamic nucleus (SN)
2 - internal globus pallidus
In the indirect pathway excitatory projections from the cerebral cortex are sent to the striatum (composed of the putamen and caudate nucleus) and the neurotransmitter glutamate is released. The striatum then sends inhibitory projections to the external globus pallidus releasing GABA. The external globus pallidus then send inhibitory projections to the subthalamic nucleus, which is always active. However, when the striatum inhibits the external globus pallidus, the external globus pallidus is unable to inhibit the subthalamic nucleus. The subthalamic nucleus can then send excitatory projections to the internal globus pallidus. If the internal globus pallidus is being excited, what can this then inhibit?
1 - external globus pallidus releasing GABA
2 - internal globus pallidus releasing GABA
3 - substantia niagra releasing GABA
4 - thalamus releasing GABA
4 - thalamus releasing GABA
- thalamus is then inhibited and movements we dont want are stopped
- indirect pathway does the opposite of the direct pathway
In addition to receiving excitatory projections from the cerebral cortex, in the direct pathway where else, that is associated with the basal ganglia is able to send projections to the striatum (composed of the caudate nucleus and putamen), and what neurotransmitter is released?
1 - external globus pallidus releasing dopamine
2 - internal globus pallidus releasing dopamine
3 - substantia niagra releasing dopamine
4 - thalamus releasing dopamine
3 - substantia niagra releasing dopamine
- specifically the pars compacta
- dopamine binds to D1 receptors exciting striatum
In addition to receiving excitatory projections from the cerebral cortex, the substantia nigra sends projections to the striatel cells of the striatum releasing dopamine. Dopamine is able to initiate 2 actions, what are they and why?
- both inhibitory and excitatory
- D1 receptors = excitatory (Gas GPCR)
- D2 receptors = inhibitory (Gai GPCR)
In addition to receiving excitatory projections from the cerebral cortex, the substantia nigra sends projections to the striatel cells of the striatum releasing dopamine. Dopamine is able to initiate both inhibitory and excitatory actions, depending on whether it binds with D1 receptors = excitatory or D2 receptors = inhibitory. If D1 receptors bind dopamine, does this activate the direct or indirect pathway?
- activates the direct pathway
- means we can move the muscle we want to move