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Therapeutics Final > Park's Materials > Flashcards

Park's Materials Flashcards

1
Q

Physiologic effects of androgens

A

changes during puberty in males
hair growth
oily skin (acne)
muscle growth
increased LDL, decreased HDL
aggressiveness

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1
Q

physiologic effects of estrogens

A

changes during puberty in female
endometrium growth
increased blood coagulability
maintenance of bone density
decreased LDL, increased HDL
mood

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2
Q

physiologic effects of progestin

A

maturation of endometrium
maintenance of pregnancy

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3
Q

physiologic effects of glucocorticoids

A

increase in blood glucose levels
anti-inflammation
immunosuppression

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4
Q

physiologic effects of mineralocorticoids

A

increase in blood Na+ levels
increase in blood volume

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5
Q

oral steroids

A

17-methyl or 17-ethynyl groups
hepatotoxicity

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6
Q

IM steroids

A

large alkyl groups at 17 (enanthate, valerate, cypionate)
preparations in oil
depot injection

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7
Q

anti-androgen subclasses

A

5a-reductase inhibitors
androgen receptor antagonists

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8
Q

5a-reductase inhibitors

A

Finasteride, Dutasteride
block the conversion of testosterone into 5a-dihydrotesterone

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9
Q

Androgen receptor antagonists

A

Cyproterone Acetate, Spironolactone, Flutamide, Enzalutamide
prevents the binding/activation of androgen receptors

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10
Q

Estrogen drug classes

A

conjugated estrogens (Premarin)
Agonists
SERMs (partial agonists)
Anti-estrogens (SERD, aromatase inhibitors)

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11
Q

Estrogen agonists

A

Diethylstilbestrol, Chlorotrianisene
increases estrogen levels in the addition of an OH group

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12
Q

SERMs

A

partial agonists that have some estrogenic and some androgenic activity
blocks helix 12 properties
Tamoxifen, Toremifene, Ospemifene, Raloxifene, Clomiphene

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13
Q

Anti-Estrogens

A

Fluvestrant (SERD)
Aromatase Inhibitors –> Anastrazole, Letrozole, Exemestane (prevents testosterone conversion into 17b-estradiol and androstenedione into estrone)

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14
Q

systemic glucocorticoids

A

hydrocortisone
cortisone
prednisone
prednisolone
methylprednisolone
triamcinolone
dexamethasone
betamethasone
binds to cortisol receptor and activates to treat adrenal insufficiency

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15
Q

inhaled glucocorticoids

A

triamcinolone acetonide
beclomethasone dipropionate
budesonide
flunisolide
mometasone furoate
fluticasone propionate
ciclesonide
binds to GRE to change the rate of transcription
treats asthma/COPD

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16
Q

topical glucocorticoids

A

triamcinolone acetonide
fluocinonide
betamethasone valerate
clobestasol propionate
halobetasol propionate
halcinonide
binds to NFkB to repress transcription of cytokine genes
anti-inflammatory agents

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17
Q

systemic mineralocorticoids

A

fludrocortisone
used in replacement therapy to treat addison’s disease with low levels of aldosterone

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18
Q

cushing’s disease

A

hyperadrenalism
primary, pituitary, ectopic
symptoms –> weight gain, thin arms and legs, moon face, increase protein catabolism, osteoporosis, opportunistic infections
caused by long-term use of systemic glucocorticoids

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19
Q

different between cushing’s disease types

A

adrenal –> decreased CRH/ACTH, increased cortisol
pituitary –> decreased CRH, increased ACTH/cortisol
ectopic –> decreased CRH/ACTH, increased cortisol/ectopic ACTH

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20
Q

adrenal insufficiency

A

hypoadrenalism
primary (addison’s disease), secondary
symptoms –> extreme weakness, anorexia, anemia, low BP (in primary only), mental depression
caused by cessation of long-term systemic glucocorticoid therapy

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21
Q

COX

A

enzymes that synthesize eicosanoids
1 - housekeeping
2 - inflammatory

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22
Q

PGE

A

vasodilation

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23
Q

PGF

A

vasoconstriction

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24
Q

PGI

A

inhibition (suppression) of platelet aggregation

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25
Q

TXA

A

promotion of platelet aggregation

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26
Q

NSAID drug classes

A

salicylates
arylacetic acids
arylpropionic acids
non-carboxylate
cox-2 selective (celecoxib)

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27
Q

NSAID SE

A

GI upset
renal
hypersensitivity
suppression of blood coagulation (aspirin)
reye’s syndrome (aspirin)

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28
Q

NSAIDs for short-term use

A

indomethacin
ketorolac

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29
Q

NSAIDs for long-term use

A

sulindac
etodolac
diclofenac
meloxican
celecoxib

30
Q

salicylate drugs

A

salicylic acid
aspirin (irreversible inhibition)
salsalate
diflunisal

31
Q

arylacetic acid drugs

A

indomethacin
sulindac
etodolac
diclofenac

32
Q

arylpropionic acid drugs

A

ibuprofen
naproxen
ketorolac

33
Q

non-carboxylate drugs

A

nabumetone
meloxicam

34
Q

asthma pathology

A

site - proximal airways
onset - childhood
symptoms - episodic attacks
cells - mast cells, eosinophils, CD4 T-cells (Th2)
causes - irritants

35
Q

COPD pathology

A

site - peripheral airways
onset - late adulthood
symptoms - progressive deteriorations of pulmonary functions
cells - neutrophils, macrophages, CD8+ T cells (TH1)
cause - smoking

36
Q

asthma drugs

A

sympathomimetics (SABA/LABA)
inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs)
leukotriene pathway inhibitors
antimuscarinic agents (ipratropium)
monoclonal antibodies

37
Q

leukotriene pathway inhibitors

A

used in asthma
5-lipoxygenase inhibitor - zileuton
receptor antagonist - montelukast

38
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

used in asthma
anti-IgE –> omalizumab
anti-IL-5 –> mepolizumab, reslizumab
anti-IL-5 receptor –> benralizumab

39
Q

COPD drugs

A

sympathomimetics (SABA/LABA/Ultra-LABA)
Antimuscarinic agents (SAMA/LAMA)
PDE4 inhibitor
inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs)
a1-antitrypsin replacement therapy

40
Q

Ultra-LABAs

A

used in COPD only
indacaterol, olodaterol, vilanterol, bambuterol

41
Q

SAMA

A

used in COPD and asthma
ipratropium

42
Q

LAMA

A

used in COPD
tiotropium, aclidinium, umeclidinium

43
Q

PDE4 inhibitor

A

roflumilast

44
Q

peripheral tissue pathway

A

hypothalamus
+ GHRH, - SST
anterior pituitary
GH

45
Q

thyroid pathway

A

hypothalamus
TRH
anterior pituitary
TSH
thyroid
thyroxine, triiodothyronine

46
Q

adrenal cortex pathway

A

hypothalamus
CRH
anterior pituitary
ACTH
adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids

47
Q

gonads pathway

A

hypothalamus
GnRH
anterior pituitary
FSH/LH
gonads
estrogen/progesterone/testosterone

48
Q

gonadotropins

A

menotropins (LH/FSH mix)
urofollitropin (uFSH, purified FSH)
hCG (LH)
ovulation induction

49
Q

GnRH agonists

A

Ends in Elin
pulsatile injection –> stimulation
continuous administration –> suppression

50
Q

GnRH antagonists

A

ends in Elix

51
Q

growth hormone

A

somatropin (rhGH)

52
Q

GH antagonists

A

SST analogs –> octreotide, lanreotide
GH receptor antagonist –> pegvisomant
used to treat acromegaly

53
Q

vasopressin analog

A

desmopressin
used to treat diabetes insipidius

54
Q

vasopressin antagonists

A

conviaptan, tolvaptan
used to treat hyponatremia

55
Q

oxytocin

A

used for labor induction

56
Q

hypothyroidism

A

symptoms –> low metabolis, lethargy, feeling cold, bradycardia, decreased appetite, drooping of eyelids
cause –> hashimoto’s thyroiditis
drugs –> levothyroxine (T4), liothyronine (T3)

57
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

symptoms –> excessive metabolism, nervousness, feeling hot, tachycardia, increased appetite, exophthalmos
cause –> grave’s disease
drugs –> methimazole, propylthiouracil

58
Q

carbohydrates

A

excess –> triacylglycerol
none are essential

59
Q

lipids

A

excess –> triacylglycerol
essential –> w-3 (a-linolenic acid, EPA, DHA) and w-6 (linolenic acid, arachidonic acid)

60
Q

proteins

A

excess –> pyruvate/acetyl-CoA –> triacylglycerol
essential –> HILLTTV

61
Q

positive nitrogen balance

A

growth, pregnancy

62
Q

negative nitrogen balance

A

malnutrition
illness
trauma

63
Q

celiac sprue

A

caused by exposure to gluten (Wheat, rye, barley)

64
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

65
Q

Vit A

A

light-sensing cofactor (retinal), hormone (retinoic acid)
deficiency –> night blindness

66
Q

Vit D

A

calcium homeostasis
Deficiency –> Rickets, osteomalacia

67
Q

Vit E

A

antioxidant
deficiency –> rare

68
Q

Vit K

A

carboxylation of glutamate (blood coagulation)
deficiency –> rare

69
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

all of Vit B, Vit C

70
Q

Vit B deficiency

A

B1 (Thiamine) –> Beriberi
B3 (Niacin) –> Pellagra
B6 (Pyrifoxine) –> irritability, nervousness

71
Q

role of Vit B

A

Cofactors –> B1 (Thiamine), B7 (Biotin), B9 (Folic Acid), B12 (Cobalamin)
B2 (Riboflavin) –> FMN, FAD
B3 (Niacin) –> NAD, NADP
B6 (Pyridoxine) –> pyridoxal phosphate

72
Q

Vit C

A

cofactor
deficiency –> Scurvy

Therapeutics Final (5 decks)

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