Park's Endocrine Lectures Flashcards
________ cell - cell signaling has direct physical contact
juxtacrine
__________ cell - cell signaling travels very far in the body/blood to a target organ
endocrine
__________ cell - cell signaling generally has LOW concentration and HIGH affinity
Endorcrine
__________ cell - cell signaling generally has HIGH concentration and LOW affinity
paracrine
__________ cell - cell signaling typically travels short distances to neighboring cells
paracrine
__________ cell - cell signaling use neurotransmitters
synaptic, neuronal
__________ cell - cell signaling travels VERY short distance and is supa fast (millisecond)
synaptic
__________ cell - cell signaling very high local concentration/dissociates rapidly
synaptic
__________ cell - cell signaling affect same cell
Autocrine
3 main chemical families of hormones
polypeptide-based hormones; steroid hormones; amino acid or fatty acid derived hormones
is this chemical signal a polypeptide based, steroid, or amino acid/fatty acid:
Insulin
polypeptide
is this chemical signal a polypeptide based, steroid, or amino acid/fatty acid:
estradiol
steroid
is this chemical signal a polypeptide based, steroid, or amino acid/fatty acid:
cortisone
steroid
is this chemical signal a polypeptide based, steroid, or amino acid/fatty acid:
epinephrine
amino acid/fatty acid
is this chemical signal a polypeptide based, steroid, or amino acid/fatty acid:
prostaglandin
amino acid/fatty acid
is this chemical signal a polypeptide based, steroid, or amino acid/fatty acid:
oxytocin
polypeptide based hormones
polypeptide based, steroid, or amino acid/fatty acid:
which ones gets translated into itself/has post translational modifications
polypeptide based..
polypeptide based, steroid, or amino acid/fatty acid hormone:
made from cholesterol
steroid
polypeptide based, steroid, or amino acid/fatty acid hormone:
made by ribosomes
polypeptide
polypeptide based, steroid, or amino acid/fatty acid hormone:
require multiple steps catalyzed by enzymes
steroid; amino acid/fatty acid
polypeptide based, steroid, or amino acid/fatty acid hormone:
secreted by exocytosis
polypeptide (they are hydrophillic and cannot move through membrane without vesicles)
polypeptide based, steroid, or amino acid/fatty acid hormone:
transports freely/circulates freely
polypeptide based
polypeptide based, steroid, or amino acid/fatty acid hormone:
uptaken via cell surface receptors or transporters
polypeptide (hydrophillic so dont go inside cell)
polypeptide based, steroid, or amino acid/fatty acid hormone:
secreted by diffusion
steroid and fatty/amino; (hydrophobic so just goes through membrane
polypeptide based, steroid, or amino acid/fatty acid hormone:
transported transporter proteins
steroid and fatty/amino; (hydrophobic cant freely circulate in da blood)
polypeptide based, steroid, or amino acid/fatty acid hormone:
uptake by diffusing through membrane - receptors are inside the cell
steroid and fatty/amino;
4 major kinds of receptors
- ligand gated ion/ channel receptors
- GPCR
- Enzyme linked/Catalytic Receptors
- Cytokine family
Tyrosine kinase receptors:
cytoplasmic domains have _________ kinase activity
specific tyrosine
Tyrosine kinase receptors:
will phosphorylate ___________
proteins and self
Tyrosine kinase receptors:
The signal is terminated how?
receptor internalization
Tyrosine kinase receptors:
are receptors for what things?
insulin; GROWTH FACTORS (insulin-like, epidermal, platelet derived)
which receptor use SH2 domain
tyrosine kinase
List parts of the structure of a steroid hormone receptor
- Activation domain
- N-Term
- C-Term
- DNA-binding domain
- Ligand binding domain
Hormone binds to a hormone receptor and a ________ dissociates;
HSP (heat shock protein)
Hormone is bound to HR and HSP has left - the hormone bound to hormone receptor go to the _________ to form a ________ to become a transcription factor
nucleus; dimer
HRE stands for ?
Hormone response elements
______ is found on DNA and is upstream from the steroid responsive genes and will alter the rate of transcription
HRE
How to end hormone stimulation:
Halting _____________ and __________
production of hormone; Response of receptor
ways to stop production of hormone:
- trigger by ________ feedback loops
- endocrine organs sense ___________ of a marker and shuts down production of hormone
- ______ sense change in concentration of a marker and sends message to endocrine organ to stop production
negative; change in concentration; CNS
HPA Axis = H = ? P =? A = ?
Hypothalmic pituitary adrenal axis
HPA: Stress causes hypothalamus to release _________
CRH
HPA: CRH causes ________ gland to release _______
pituitary; ACTH
HPA: ACTH causes ________ to release _______
adrenal gland; cortisol
steroid hormones made from _________
cholesterol
steroid hormones are hydrophobic, rigid and ______
planar
2 classes of Steroid Hormones
Sex/Progestational and Adrenocortical
Cortisol is (anti stress or stress) and (anti inflammation or inflammation)
anti stress and anti inflammation
Glucocorticoid is ______
cortisol
Mineralcorticoid is _______
aldosterone
which steroid hormone has an aromatic ring
17B-Estradiol
A 11 -OH group is found on which compounds?
Progesterone, Estradiol, testosterone, cortisol, and aldosterone
cortisol and aldosterone have the 11-OH group.
this is what distinguishes between sex hormones and adrenal hormones
Synthesis of Steroid Hormones:
Cholesterol is made into ___________ by this enyzme __________
pregneolone; CYP11A1
Is estradiol made from testosterone or is testosterone made from estradiol?
estradiol is made from testosterone
what enzyme is needed to make estradiol from testosterone?
Aromatase
21-hydroxylase deficiency - what kind high or low levels of cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones
low levels of cortisol and aldosterone;
can have high levels of sex hormones
what two enzymes are needed to change progesterone to aldosterone
21- hydroxylase and 11B-hydroxylase (aka they are adding -OH groups)
DHEA gets made into adrenocorticoids or sex hormones?
Sex hormones
in 21-hydroxylase deficiency - they have low cortisol levels which has what kind of symptom
enlargement of adrenal glands
in 21-hydroxylase deficiency - they have low aldosterone levels and leads to what kind of symptom
hyponatremia (low Na+ levels which can be life threatening)
in 21-hydroxylase deficiency - they can have preamature androgen exposure can lead to what in females
ambigous genitalia, Hirsutism (very hairy), early epiphyseal closure (leads to short stature)
in 17a hydroxylase deficiency what kind high or low levels of cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones
lots of mineralcorticoids, low corticosteroids and sex hormones
what are symptoms of 17a hydroxylase deficiency
hypocortisolism = enlargment of adrenal gland;
ambigous genitalia
HYPERtension due to hyperaldosteronism
steroids are excreted in the ______ or ______
bile or urine
steroids are metabolized in the ______ by becoming ________
liver; hydrophillic
ketoconazole and steroid interaction
blocks cortisol and aldosterone production
ketoconazole or aminoglutethimide?
can treat hyperglucorticoid states
ketoconazole
ketoconazole or aminoglutethimide?
inhibits aromatase
aminoglutethimide
Does the anterior pituitary control synthesis of glucocoritcoids or mineralcorticoids
glucocorticoids
_________ comes from the liver to stimulate the adrenal gland to create aldosterone
Angiotensin II
Regulation of Testosterone Synthesis:
Hypothalamus releases ________ and works on __________
GnRH; Ant. Pituitary
Regulation of Testosterone Synthesis:
Anterior pituitary releases what two hormones?
LH, FSH
Regulation of Testosterone Synthesis:
LH works on what cells in the testis?
Leydig cells (“L”H on “L”eydig)
Regulation of Testosterone Synthesis:
FSH works on what cells in the testis?
Sertoli cells (F”S”H on “S”ertoli cells)
Regulation of Testosterone Synthesis:
What do Sertoli Cells do?
Spermatogenesis
Regulation of Testosterone Synthesis:
What do Leydig cells do?
make testosterone
is it better to supplement LH, FSH, or Testosterone?
testosterone! hella lot cheaper
what are activin and inhibin?
peptide hormones
where are activin and inhibin made?
sertoli cells in the testis
what does activin do?
stimulates pituitary FSH release (acts as POSITIVE FEEDBACK)
what does inhibin do?
inhibits pituitary FSH release in conjunction with testosterone
what is 5a-reductase’s role with testosterone
makes testosterone into 5a-dihydrotestosterone which is a more potent/more active androgen
How dose testosterone get excreted
in LIVER - gets oxidized (-OH to =O)
Adrenal Androgens:
__________ of the testosterone synthesis pathway
intermediate
Adrenal Androgens:
a lot of these are made; largely in the ___________
adrenal gland
Adrenal Androgens:
do they have weak or strong effects
WEAK
Physiological Effects of Testosterone:
- creates changes of puberty
- ________ promoting properties
- stimulate/maintain sexual function
- decrease (_____) level
- stimulates __________ production
growth; HDL; erythrocyte
When testosterone is taken orally - it is (not/readily) absorbed but inactivated (slowly/quickly)
readily; quickly
to make testosterone more active orally; make it a _______ form
17 alkyl
Synthetic Androgens: _____ forms of testosterone increase absorption time and greater activity for IM administration
ester
why should testosterone should not be used in infants or pregnant women…
disturbances in sexual development may occur
Adverse effects of testosterone in women
- hirsutism
- acne
- amenorrhea
- clitoral enlargement
- deepening of the voice
Adverse effects of testosterone in men
- acne
- sleep apnea
- gynecomastia
- azoospermia/testicular atrophy
- increased aggressiveness and psychotic symptoms
antiandrogens = _________ inhibitor or _____________ inhibitor
5a reductase; androgen receptor
why are 5a-reductase inhibitors helpful?
block the conversion of testosterone to 5a-dihydrotestosterone (the super potent version)
examples of drugs: 5a reductase inhibitors
finasteride; dutasteride
examples of drugs: Steroidal androgen receptor inhibitors
cyproterone/cyporterone ester; Spironolactone
examples non-steroidal androgen receptor inhibitors
flutamide; enzalutamide
Regulation of Estrogen Synthesis:
Hypothalamus produces ________
GnRH