HTN - Hockerman Flashcards
Vasoconstriction:
________ receptors are main cause
alpha (1) adrenergic
Vasoconstriction:
pathway from receptor to cell to potentiate constriction (@ alpha 1 receptor)
Gq –> PIP(3) –> Diacyglycerol and IP3 –> IP3 will cause increase in calcium…
How does Calcium lead to contraction?
Ca2+ + Calmodulin –> stimulates myosin light chain kinase which will phosphorylate myosin LC –> Myosin LC-PO(4) + actin - CAUSE CONTRACTION
2 main mechanisms for controlling smooth muscle tone
voltage gated Ca2+ channels
&
pharmaco mechanical coupling (Gq to IP3 to Ca2+ etc..)
what are the endogenous peptide vasoconstrictors?
angiotensin, vasopressin, endothelin, urotensin
which endogenous peptide vasocontstrictor is elevated in diabetes?
Urotensin
which endogenous peptide vasocontstrictor is elevated in PAH (pulmonary arterial hypertension)?
Endothelin
Urotensin (an endogenous vasoconstrictor) binds to ______ in ______ & _______
GPCRs; VSM (vascular smooth muscle); cardiac muscle
Urotensin is produced where?
heart, liver, kidney
Endothelin is produced where?
vascular endothelium…
Endothelin binds to ______ in _____ and contracts ______
GPCRs; VSM; VSM
3 main reasons we would want to modulate vascular smooth muscle?
resistance vessels; controlling blood flow, cerebral arteries
What are therapeutic uses of vasoconstrictors?
TREATING HYPOTENSION:
b/c shock, anesthesia, or chronic orthostatic hypotension
For treating hypotension - what receptor agonists are used?
alpha 1 adrenergic
what are examples of drugs that treat hypotension (aka what are some alpha 1 adrenergic drugs)
epinephrine, ephedrine, midodrine
what types of shock can be treated with vasoconstrictors
anaphylactic shock, brain trauma, hemorrhagic
Using Vasoconstrictors for controlling of blood flow: what are reasons to do this?
- using with anesthetics b/c it will reduce blood flow to site of injection
- Hemostasis during surgery
- Nasal/Opthalmic Decongestants
what type of vasoconstrictor is used adjunctively with anesthetics
epinephrine
what type of vasoconstrictors are used for hemostasis during surgery
epinephrine, cocaine
What is a direct acting vasoconstrictor used as a decongestant
phenylephrine
What is a indirect acting vasoconstrictor used as a decongestant
pseudoepedrine, ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine
What is a partial acting vasoconstrictor agonist used as a decongestant
naphazoline, tetrahydrolozine, oxymetazoline
what are the 4 main groups of vasodilators talked about?
- ________ modulators
- _______ Agonists
- _______ Antagonists
- _______ Analogs
- Cyclic GMP modulators
- K+ Channel Agonists
- Endothelin Antagonists
- PGI2 Analogs
what are the 3 group/subsets of cyclic GMP modulators
- organic nitrates/nitrites
- PDE inhibitor
- Natriuretic peptide
Nitric Oxide Synthase has __(#)___ of isoforms and there names are….
3!
nNOS; iNOS; eNOS
which isoform of NOS (nitric oxide synthase) is most important to us?
eNOS (endothelial)
NOS (nitric oxide synthase) is found in the _________
vascular endothelium
What is the pathway/process of Nitric Oxide Synthase?
L-Arginine –? L-Citruline + NO
eNOS is found in ________ and gets activated by ______
vascular endothelium/ Ca2+-CAM
where is Guanylate Cyclase found? (talking about Nitric Oxide-Cyclic GMP Pathway)
vascular smooth muscle
______ is an activator of guanlyl cyclase
NO
Why/How does Ach (acetylcholine) lead to Smooth Muscle Relaxation
Ach will increase Ca2+ in endothelium which will stimulate eNOS –> eNOS makes NO –> NO causes smooth muscle relaxation
NO stimulates Guanlyl cyclase –> what does guanlyl cyclase do?
it will take GTP and make it into cGMP
GTP –> cGMP
Nitric Oxide binds to ___________ in guanylate cyclase
heme iron prosthetic group
NO binds to Guanlyate cyclase and will stimulate production of ______ and will activate _______
cGMP; cGKI (aka PROTEIN KINASE G aka PKG)
how does cGMP lead to relaxation (talking about Nitric Oxide-Cyclic GMP Pathway)
cGMP will cleave the PO(4) group from Myosin-LC (this leads to relaxation)
Myosin-LC will cause ________
vs
Myosin-LC-PO(4) will cause ______
relaxation; contraction
how does PKG (cGKI) cause relaxation in smooth muscle (talking about Nitric Oxide-Cyclic GMP Pathway)
- ________ of L-Type Ca2+ Channels
- ________ of Ca2+-activated K+ channels
- ________ MLC phosphorylation
- ________ Ca2+ uptake in to ER
inhibit (Ca2+ channels)
Stimulate (Ca2+ activated K+ channels)
decrease (MLC phosphorylation)
enhance (Ca2+ into ER)
how does PKG (cGKI) cause relaxation in smooth muscle (talking about Nitric Oxide-Cyclic GMP Pathway)
inhibit (Ca2+ channels)
Stimulate (Ca2+ activated K+ channels)
decrease (MLC phosphorylation)
enhance (Ca2+ into ER)
PKG will _______ L-Type Ca2+ Channels - why does this cause relaxation of smooth muscle?
inhibit ;less Ca2+ influx = less contraction
PKG will _______ Ca2+ activated K+ Channels - why does this cause relaxation of smooth muscle?
STIMULATE (because it will cause repolarizaiton of the membrane potential)
PKG will _______ myosin phosphorylation -
why does this cause relaxation of smooth muscle?
decrease (because when there is NOT a PO4 group on myosin head dettaches from myosin and no contraction can happen aka relaxation…)
PKG will _______ Ca2+ uptake in to ER -
why does this cause relaxation of smooth muscle?
enhanced (b/c less Ca2+ available = less contraction)
what channel does PKG inhibit?
Ca(v1.2)
what channel does PKG stimulate
BK(Ca)
what is used by PKG to enhanceCa2+ uptake in the ER
phospholamban (it gets phosphorylated and then will increase the reuptake of Ca2+)
Organic Nitrates cause vaso________
dilation
Organic Nitrates are (selective or non-selective) vasodilators
NON-selective
Organic Nitrates (do or do not) require a functional endothelium
DO NOT
Organic nitrates can be used (acutely, chronically, or both)
BOTH!
Organic nitrates require ________ to get broken down to _____
bioactivation; Nitric Oxide
Organic Nitrates can be by what routes for prolonged prophylaxis
Transdermal/Orally
Organic Nitrates can be by what routes for acute attacks of angina
give sublingually
T or F: Organic Nitrates cannot develop tolerance
FALSE
Which of the following Organic Nitrates has the greatest oral bioavailability?
GTN, ISDN, 5-ISMN
5-ISMN (isosorbide mononitrate)
Which of the following Organic Nitrates has the lowest oral bioavailability?
GTN, ISDN, 5-ISMN
GTN ( super freaking low)
Which of the following Organic Nitrates has the longest half life?
GTN, ISDN, 5-ISMN
5-ISMN
which organic nitrate is commonly known to not be efficacious in the Asian Population
GTN (Glycerol Trinitrate)
what is the polymorphism known to decrease the efficacy of GTN
GLU 504 –> LYS 504 (in ALDH-2)
what enzyme is needed to activate GTN
ALDH-2
The ______ allele is the reason for decreased efficacy of GTN AND it can cause _____
LYS 504; Alcohol intolerance (aka “Asian Glow”)
what is the idea behind organic nitrate tolerance? (Example given in class is GTN bc it is the most understood)
GTN gets metabolized by ALDH-2 into a thionitrate intermediate. ALDH-2 needs to be regenerated and a reduced form of LIPOIC ACID is needed (can eventually deplete lipoic acid store!)
Explain the differences in GTN vs ISMN/ISDN activation
GTN - needs lipoic acid/needs ALDH-2!!
ISMN/ISDN = uses enzymes outside of mitochondria to be metabolized (P450 and others…)
which organic nitrate is used for acute management of HTN crisis/severe decompensated heart failure
Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP) (GIVEN IV)
SNP - Sodium Nitrodpursside will ______ veins and arterioles
Dilate
SNP - Sodium Nitrodpursside gets metabolized by _______
erythrocytes
SNP - Sodium Nitrodpursside is metabolized and made into what things?
NO (duh), 4 CN (obvs not good to have hella cyanide in your body), and Cyanmethemoglobin
SNP - Sodium Nitrodpursside: Its metabolite (CN-) can inhibit \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ metabolism/ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ accumulation
oxidative; lactic acid
SNP - Sodium Nitrodpursside:
CN- gets converted to _______ by ______ (bc it is less toxic in this form) and then is excreted by ______
SCN (thiocyanate); rhodanase; kidney
what 2 things can be used for detoxification (of CN-) after using SNP - Sodium Nitrodpursside
Sodium thiosulfate OR hydroxocobalamin
what class of drug is Hydralazine apart of? (Organic nitrate? Natriuretic Peptide? PDE Inhibitor? K+ Channel Agonist?)
Organic Nitrate!
Hydralazaine causes vaso______
dilation (its a nitrate!) of ARTERIOLES
Predicted mechanism of Hydralazine
interferes w/ release of Ca2+ from the ER
Hydralazine can induce a _______ syndrome
lupus-like
Hydralazine dilates what?
ARTERIOLES! (not veins like other organic nitrates)
what is drug called that is a combo of ISDN and Hydralazine?
BiDil
why is hydralazine and ISDN in a combo pill together?
the antioxidant activity of Hydralazine will potentiate vasodilatory activity of ISDN
What is Natrecor (Nesiritide)?
a vasodilator;
a natriuretic peptide
Natrecor (Nesiritide) is given by what route?
IV
Natrecor (Nesiritide) is given IV for what?
acutely decompensated HF
how does Natrecor (Nesiritide) work?
it BINDS to and ACTIVATES membrane bound guanylate cyclase in vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells
ALSO
causes you to lose fluid = less blood volume = less work load on the heart
Natrecor (Nesiritide) is synthesized and secreted from where?
heart muscle
Natrecor (Nesiritide) is released from the heart in response to what?
response to INCREASED blood volume
PDE Inhibitors cause vaso_______
dilation
What are the 2 groups of PDE inhibitors we learned about?
PDE3 inhibitor/ PDE5 inhibitor
PDE3 inhibitors prevent the breakdown of c____ and PDE5 inhibitors prevent the breakdown c____
AMP; GMP
How do PDE3 inhibitors work?
NORMALLY PDE3 will breakdown cAMP into AMP; but if that is inhibited you have more cAMP –> more MLCK-PO(4) –> Relaxation
a part of what drug class is Amrinone?
PDE3 inhibitor (cAMP modulator - Vasodilator)
a part of what drug class is Milrinone?
PDE3 inhibitor (cAMP modulator - Vasodilator)
a part of what drug class is Dipyridamole?
PDE5 inhibitor (cGMP modulator - Vasodilator)
a part of what drug class is sildenafil?
SELECTIVE PDE5 inhibitor (cGMP modulator -
Vasodilator)
a part of what drug class is Hydralazine?
Organic Nitrate (cGMP modulator - Vasodilator)
a part of what drug class is Tadalafil?
SELECTIVE PDE5 inhibitor (cGMP modulator -
Vasodilator)
a part of what drug class is Vardenafil?
SELECTIVE PDE5 inhibitor (cGMP modulator -
Vasodilator)