HTN - Kaakeh Flashcards
List the risk factors for HTN: \_\_\_\_ Na+ intake \_\_\_\_\_\_ ethnicity \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ K+ intake excess \_\_\_\_\_\_ intake \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (FH)
HIGH Na+; African American; Obesity; low K+; excess alcohol; genetic predisposition
Tobacco use - HTN or CVD risk factor?
CVD
Each increment of ___/___ mmHg doubles the risk of CVD across the entire BP range starting from ___/___ mmHg
20/10;
from 115/75
What are CVD risk factors?
- HTN
- Tobacco use
- Overweight
- Dyslipidemia
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Age
- FH
- Physical Inactivity
- Microalbuminuria or GFR < 60
How to be classified with normal Adult BP
Sys < 120 AND Dias < 80
How to be classified with Pre-HTN Adult BP
Sys : 120 - 139 OR Dias 80-89
How to be classified with stage 1 HTN Adult BP
sys: 140 - 159 OR Dias 90-99
How to be classified with stage 2 Adult BP
sys > 160 OR dias > 100
Lowering BP helps lower the incidence of what 3 things
stroke; MI; HF
what are some prescription drugs that can elevate BP
NSAIDs Corticosteroids Estrogens/OCs; Progesterone; Androgen Sympathomimetic Amines Erythropoietin Ketoconazole
what are the 2 determinanys of BP
cardiac output & peripheral resistance
is it primary or secondary cause of HTN?
drug induced
secondary
is it primary or secondary cause of HTN? Humoral abnormality (RAAS, natriuretic hormone, insulin resistance)
primary
is it primary or secondary cause of HTN?
vascular endothelial mechanisms abnormality
primary
is it primary or secondary cause of HTN? neuronal mechanisms (alpha and beta) abnormality
primary
is it primary or secondary cause of HTN?food substances
secondary
is it primary or secondary cause of HTN?
Obstructive sleep apnea
secondary
is it primary or secondary cause of HTN?
CKD
Secondary
is it primary or secondary cause of HTN?
Peripheral autoregulation abnormality
primary
is it primary or secondary cause of HTN?
primary aldosteronism
secondary
is it primary or secondary cause of HTN?
renovascular disease
secondary
is it primary or secondary cause of HTN?
Chronic steroid therapy & Cushings Syndrome
secondary
is it primary or secondary cause of HTN?
Pheochromocytoma
secondary
is it primary or secondary cause of HTN?
electrolyte disturbances
primary
is it primary or secondary cause of HTN?
Coarctation of the aorta
secondary
is it primary or secondary cause of HTN?
thyroid/parathyroid disease
secondary
what food substances can cause HTN
sodium; licorice; ethanol
Illicit Drugs that may elevate BP
ketamine
ectasy
cocaine
Possible symptoms of primary aldosteronism
HA, muscle cramps, polyuria
Primary Aldosteronism:
______kalemia
______natremia
metabolic _______
HYPOkalemia; HYPERnatremia; alkalosis
what types of patients should be tested for primary aldosteronism?
- drug resistant HTN
- mod - severe HTN
- Adrenal tumors
- HTN of FH of HTN before age 40
- if pt has HTN and has 1st degree relative with PA
BP = _____ x _____
CO x TPR
TPR = total peripheral resistance
CO = _____ x _____
HR x SV
What meds can be used to control SV (stroke volume)
diuretics
what meds can be used to control HR (heart rate)
beta blockers; some CCBs
what meds can be used to control TPR (total peripheral resistance)
- ACEIs
- ARBs
- Hydralazine
- Sympatholytics
how to treat primary aldosteronism
surgically remove adrenal tumorl
pretreat w/ 3 - 4 wks of spironolactone 100 mg - 400 mg PO QD
What is the normal range for MAP
70 - 100 mmHG
what value of MAP is needed to perfuse/sustain perfusion of organs
60 mmHg
what 5 areas of the body can be damaged by HTN
- brain
- heart
- eyes
- kidneys
- vasculature
what can happen to the brain if HTN is persistent
stroke; hemorrhage; TIA
what can happen to the heart if HTN is persistent
LVH (left ventricle hypertrophy); CHD; CHF