Paris Peace Treaties Flashcards

1
Q

Who were the big three?

A

. USA’s president : Woodrow Wilson
. France’s president: George Clemenceau -> “the tiger”
. Britain’s Prime Minister: David Lloyd George

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Aims of the big three: what did Woodrow Wilson want?

A

. Not very harsh treaty on Germany: world peace to perdure -> if it were too harsh, Germany would want revenge when she recovered from punishment
. Reinforce democracy in those countries which were defeated: so that leaders did what people wanted in order to gain votes -> people wanted there to be peace and did not want to experience another war
. Wanted international cooperation: in order to find peace, the allied themselves, so that there was another great war -> league of nations created
. 14 points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Aims of the big three: what did David Lloyd George want?

A

. Agreed with US on not being too harsh with Germany so that she didn’t revenge and cause another war
. Wanted peace with Germany and did not want to punish harshly: for economic and employment purposes -> before the war Germany was Britain’s second-largest trading partner, being very beneficial
. Wanted Germany’s navy to be Weeknd: so that the British empire wasn’t threatened (island) buy German expansion
-> It was difficult for Lloyd George to: follow his beliefs because his people wanted to be very harsh with Germany, and he had promised this in the elections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Aims of the big three: what did George Clemenceau want?

A

. Wanted to diminish Germany’s power: so that it could never attacked them again -> wanted to divide Germany into states
. Wanted Germany to pay for the destruction caused by war: this was a total of 200 million francs, so somehow weaken them and so that the French were helped to face the crisis postwar
. He wanted Germany to lose all of the land they had gained and more
. He wanted the German armed forces to be destroyed completely
-> Clemenceau was harsh on Germany as: revenge on first world war (most fighting on French territory) and Franco Prussian war (took Alsace Lorraine from France)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The five terms of the treaty of Versailles

A
  1. War guilt clause
  2. Reparations.
  3. German territories, and colonies
  4. Armed forces
  5. League of Nations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The five terms of the treaty of Versailles: war guilt

A

Germany had to accept the blame for starting the war -> known as article 231

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The five terms of the treaty of Versailles: reparations

A

. Germany had to pay reparations to the allies for damage caused by war -> amount would be $6600 million If the term hadn’t been changed by Young plan in 1929, Germany would have finished paying in 1984

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The five terms of the treaty of Versailles: German territories (2eg) , and colonies (africa examples, 4)

A

. Germany’s overseas empire: taken away
. Colonies: became mandates, controlled by league of Nations.
-> examples: German colonies in Africa
. Cameroon and Togoland were run by Britain and France.
. German south-west Africa given to South Africa
. Alsace, Lorraine: given back to France
. Saar: important German coalfield given to France for 15 years, after which a plebiscite would decide ownership
. Poland: independent country with “route to the sea” -> Polish corridor separating Germany from East Prussia
. Upper silesia: very rich in raw materials -> given to Poland
. Territories From Russia: Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia became independent states -> Germany had taken these from Russia in 1918
. Anschluss: union of Germany and Austria, forbidden

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The five terms of the treaty of Versailles: armed forces

A

. 100,000 soldiers
. No conscription -> had to be volunteers
. No armoured vehicles
. Navy reduced to only six battleships
. Rhineland became a demilitarised area -> important because it was border between Germany and France

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The five terms of the treaty of Versailles: league of Nations

A

. Set up as an international ‘police force’ -> left Germany out until she demonstrated that they were a peaceful country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Facts on Paris press conference

A

. Signed: 28 June 1919, in Versailles
. Participation: 32 countries participated (the big three dominated the talks) -> the defeated powers (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey) we left out
. Two reasons for blaming Germany for war:
- 1st to declare war to Belgium
- Encouraged, Austro-Hungarians to attack the Serbians -> attack known as the spark which caused WW1 to escalate to bigger conflict

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The Allies reaction to the treaty: George Clemenceau -> things they liked

A

. Reparations -> would repair damage to France
. Tiny German army -> would prevent Germany from attacking France
. Demilitarised zone in Rhineland -> would protect France by creating a buffer zone
. France got Alsace-Lorraine, and some German colonies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The Allies reaction to the treaty: George Clemenceau -> things they don’t like

A

. He wanted treaty to be harsher
. He wanted Germany to be split up into smaller states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The Allies reaction to the treaty: David Lloyd, George -> things they liked

A

. Britain got some German colonies -> expanded the British empire
. Small German Navy -> helped Britain to continue to ‘rule the waves’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The Allies reaction to the treaty: David Lloyd, George -> things they didn’t like

A

. He thought treaty was far too harsh and would ruin Germany -> This would cause another war in 25 years time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The Allies reaction to the treaty: Woodrow Wilson -> things they liked

A

. League of Nations
. Self-determination for people of eastern Europe

17
Q

The Allies reaction to the treaty: Woodrow Wilson -> things they didn’t like

A

. Some of his 14 points didn’t get into treaty
. When Wilson went back to America, Senate refused to join the league of nations, and even refused to sign the treaty of Versailles

18
Q

German reaction to the treaty of Versailles (4 points)

A

New German government (Ebert’s government) which had overthrown the German government that had entered WW1, refused to sign the treaty
. They were angry that their government wasn’t represented at peace talks, and that they were being forced to accept harsh treaty without either choice or comment
. They felt that thet hadn’t lost war and so they shouldn’t be treated as defeated country.
. 14 points: treatment of Germany wasn’t keeping with Wilson’s 14 points
-> examples:
- Whilst self-determination was being given to countries, such as Estonia, Latvia and Slovakia, Germans were being hived off into new countries, ruled by non-Germans
- Union with Austria was forbidden (Anschluss)
. Treaty’s purpose: almost failed, because Germans felt punishment was too harsh, and they should have a revenge
-> example: German ships and British ports were sunk by Germans in form of protest (ships had been taken under British control)
—> however, Germans couldn’t do nothing apart from signing the treaty: they would be defeated very quickly, because they were left very weak by the war

19
Q

German reaction to treaty terms: war guilt

A

Particularly hated clause -> Germans didn’t feel they had started war and felt that blame should at least be shared

20
Q

German reaction to treaty terms: reparations

A

. Unfair as Germany was expected to pay for all damage caused by war when German economy was severely weakened -> unfair as they hadn’t caused all damage

21
Q

German reaction to treaty terms: territorial terms

A

. Unfair for Germany to be losing colonies while British and French were increasing their empires by taking control of German territories in Africa -> they contradicted what was said about Imperial powers disappearing

22
Q

German reaction to treaty terms: military terms

A

. Army made a very small for a country of Germany’s size -> felt they couldn’t defend against almost any country
. Reducing their army was very humiliating as it was a symbol of German pride
. None of the allies were asked or forced to reduce their armies in any way

23
Q

German reaction to treaty terms: league of Nations

A

. They felt insulted/discriminated because they weren’t included in league of Nations

24
Q

The great suffering caused by the war: France

A

. Area larger than Whales got destroyed
. Over 3 million people had to flee from their homes
. 750,000 houses, 23,000 factories, and 48,000 km of roads wrecked
. 1,400,000 soldiers killed and 2,500,000 wounded in fighting

25
Q

The great suffering caused by the war: Britain

A

. Lost 947,000 soldiers and 1,500,000 wounded
. Huge debt as they spent 9 billion in war -> 1 billion supplied by Americans, which had to be paid back

26
Q

The great suffering caused by the war: germany

A

. Nearly 2,000,000 soldiers killed
. Revolution in Germany, causing chaos
. Millions of people suffered from starvation

27
Q

Unfair or fair?: Fair -> reparations

A

. It was fair that reparations should be paid because nearly all the fighting had taken place in France and Belgium, and their land, industry and people had suffered the most
. Modern historians think that Germany deliberately exaggerated their inability to pay reparations, and in fact, their economy would have been strong enough to pay it in the end

28
Q

Unfair or fair?: Fair -> demilitarisation

A

. Demilitarisation of the Rhineland to stop them attacking France again
. Germany had been at least partly responsible for starting the war with the Schlieffen plan.
. Fair to reduce armed forces to lessen the danger of war

29
Q

Unfair or fair?: Fair -> colonies, and territories

A

. If Germany had one they would have made the other countries suffer even more: e.g., the way they treated Russia, in the treaty of Brest-Litovsk
. Fair to give Alsace-Lorraine back to France because Germany had taken it in 1870
. Further to give land to Belgium, because Germany had committed a lot of atrocities and they had been neutral
. Fair to hold plebiscites in upper Silesia, northern Schleswig, and later on in the Saar

30
Q

Unfair, or fair?: Unfair -> war, guilt clause

A

. Germany was blamed for everything, even though countries were responsible too. So why make her alone sign the war, guilt clause.
. The fact Germany was not allowed to negotiate. They thought the armistice and 14 points would be a basis for the start of negotiations

31
Q

Unfair, or fair?: Unfair -> colonies, and territories

A

. Germany, lost large amounts of territory, e.g. Danzig and the Polish corridor - this divided Germany into two
. Germany lost all her colonies and they ended up often becoming British or French, and so they built up their colonies and denied the people self-determination
. National self-determination not applied fully to Germany. There were lots of Germans living outside Germany, e.g. in the Polish corridor, Danzig and Austria

32
Q

Unfair, or fair?: Unfair -> demilitarisation

A

. Unfair that other countries weren’t made it to disarm as well

33
Q

Unfair, or fair?: Unfair -> reparations

A

. German reparations were too heavy, and tey hit ordinary people, not the people who are responsible for the war, like the kaiser and the military generals.