Paris Peace Treaties Flashcards
Who were the big three?
. USA’s president : Woodrow Wilson
. France’s president: George Clemenceau -> “the tiger”
. Britain’s Prime Minister: David Lloyd George
Aims of the big three: what did Woodrow Wilson want?
. Not very harsh treaty on Germany: world peace to perdure -> if it were too harsh, Germany would want revenge when she recovered from punishment
. Reinforce democracy in those countries which were defeated: so that leaders did what people wanted in order to gain votes -> people wanted there to be peace and did not want to experience another war
. Wanted international cooperation: in order to find peace, the allied themselves, so that there was another great war -> league of nations created
. 14 points
Aims of the big three: what did David Lloyd George want?
. Agreed with US on not being too harsh with Germany so that she didn’t revenge and cause another war
. Wanted peace with Germany and did not want to punish harshly: for economic and employment purposes -> before the war Germany was Britain’s second-largest trading partner, being very beneficial
. Wanted Germany’s navy to be Weeknd: so that the British empire wasn’t threatened (island) buy German expansion
-> It was difficult for Lloyd George to: follow his beliefs because his people wanted to be very harsh with Germany, and he had promised this in the elections
Aims of the big three: what did George Clemenceau want?
. Wanted to diminish Germany’s power: so that it could never attacked them again -> wanted to divide Germany into states
. Wanted Germany to pay for the destruction caused by war: this was a total of 200 million francs, so somehow weaken them and so that the French were helped to face the crisis postwar
. He wanted Germany to lose all of the land they had gained and more
. He wanted the German armed forces to be destroyed completely
-> Clemenceau was harsh on Germany as: revenge on first world war (most fighting on French territory) and Franco Prussian war (took Alsace Lorraine from France)
The five terms of the treaty of Versailles
- War guilt clause
- Reparations.
- German territories, and colonies
- Armed forces
- League of Nations
The five terms of the treaty of Versailles: war guilt
Germany had to accept the blame for starting the war -> known as article 231
The five terms of the treaty of Versailles: reparations
. Germany had to pay reparations to the allies for damage caused by war -> amount would be $6600 million If the term hadn’t been changed by Young plan in 1929, Germany would have finished paying in 1984
The five terms of the treaty of Versailles: German territories (2eg) , and colonies (africa examples, 4)
. Germany’s overseas empire: taken away
. Colonies: became mandates, controlled by league of Nations.
-> examples: German colonies in Africa
. Cameroon and Togoland were run by Britain and France.
. German south-west Africa given to South Africa
. Alsace, Lorraine: given back to France
. Saar: important German coalfield given to France for 15 years, after which a plebiscite would decide ownership
. Poland: independent country with “route to the sea” -> Polish corridor separating Germany from East Prussia
. Upper silesia: very rich in raw materials -> given to Poland
. Territories From Russia: Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia became independent states -> Germany had taken these from Russia in 1918
. Anschluss: union of Germany and Austria, forbidden
The five terms of the treaty of Versailles: armed forces
. 100,000 soldiers
. No conscription -> had to be volunteers
. No armoured vehicles
. Navy reduced to only six battleships
. Rhineland became a demilitarised area -> important because it was border between Germany and France
The five terms of the treaty of Versailles: league of Nations
. Set up as an international ‘police force’ -> left Germany out until she demonstrated that they were a peaceful country
Facts on Paris press conference
. Signed: 28 June 1919, in Versailles
. Participation: 32 countries participated (the big three dominated the talks) -> the defeated powers (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey) we left out
. Two reasons for blaming Germany for war:
- 1st to declare war to Belgium
- Encouraged, Austro-Hungarians to attack the Serbians -> attack known as the spark which caused WW1 to escalate to bigger conflict
The Allies reaction to the treaty: George Clemenceau -> things they liked
. Reparations -> would repair damage to France
. Tiny German army -> would prevent Germany from attacking France
. Demilitarised zone in Rhineland -> would protect France by creating a buffer zone
. France got Alsace-Lorraine, and some German colonies
The Allies reaction to the treaty: George Clemenceau -> things they don’t like
. He wanted treaty to be harsher
. He wanted Germany to be split up into smaller states
The Allies reaction to the treaty: David Lloyd, George -> things they liked
. Britain got some German colonies -> expanded the British empire
. Small German Navy -> helped Britain to continue to ‘rule the waves’
The Allies reaction to the treaty: David Lloyd, George -> things they didn’t like
. He thought treaty was far too harsh and would ruin Germany -> This would cause another war in 25 years time