paris peace conference Flashcards
Wilson’s pressures and aims for the ToV
- 14 points: international co-operation and league of nations
- avoid future wars
- avoid communism
- german-americans dont want to see their native country crippled
- americans are isolationists; dont want to get involved
- self-determination
Lloyd George’s pressures and aims for the ToV
- avoid communism
- wants strong germany as a trading partner
- british public is angry with germany and LG has to obey the public
- NAVAL SUPREMACY
- imperialist; wants to grow empire and navy
Clemenceau’s aims and pressures for ToV
- punish germany severely
- cripple germany permanently
- french fear germany
- wants Alsace-Lorraine back
- wants germany to not have an army or navy
- wants germany to pay reparations
Woodrow wilson’s 4 main points from the 14 points
No secret treaties -no secret arrangement between countries -countries must deal openly with each other -less suspition and misunderstanding Disarmament -reduction in armed forces and weapons -reduce tensions and avoids naval races -countries arent threatned Self Determination: anti-empire -small countries in empires must be allowed to form their own nations and rule themselves and choose their own government League of Nations -international co-operation to achieve world peace -compromise using diplomacy, not war
What is article 231 and what did this lead to?
WAR GUILT CLAUSE
- germany was forced to accept blame for starting the war
- germany refused to sign it
This lead to germany having tp pay reparations; £6,600million
What happened to germany’s territory
Alsace-lorraine returned to France
Germany forbidden to anschluss with austria
West prussia and posen (polish corridor) given to Poland
Saarland’s rich coalfields given to France for 15yrs (run by LoN)
Latvia+Estonia+Lituania given self-determination
Upper silesia to poland
East prussia to lituania
North schleswig to denmark
Danzing(free city) run by LoN given to poland as sea port
Lost 16% of coalfields
Lost 48% of iron industry
Lost 13% pf pre-war territory
Lost 12% of population
What happened to germany’s colonies?
All Germany’s colonies were taken and given to france and britain as mandates:
France: Cameroon
Britain: Tanganyika, Southwest Africa
Australia: new guinea
Germany’s military limitations
100,000 men in army No conscription No armoured vehicles/submarines/airforce Rhineland demilitarised 6 battleships Lost 80% of pre-war fleet
Treaty of saint germain, 1919
Territory Austria lost and percentage
60%
Bohemia and moravia to czechoslovakia
Bosnia-herzegovina and croatia to yugoslavia
Galicia to poland
Trentino, south tyrol, trieste, istria and some dalmatian islands to italy
Tianjin to china
Military and other effect of treaty of saint germain
No conscription Army= 30,000 No anschluss Total popl. of 6million Economy closeted to collapse in 1922-23 bc of hyperinflation Broke up Habsburg empire
Treaty of Trianon, 1920
What % of territory and what did hungary lose?
75% of pre-war territory 3 million hungarians in other states Transylvania to Romania Slovakia and Ruthenia to czechoslovakia Slovenia and croatia to yugoslavia It was now a landlocked country
Military and other effects of treaty of trianon
No conscription
Army=35,000 men
Heavy artillery, tanks and airforce prohibited
Treaty of Neuilly, 1919
Bulgaria’s territorial losses and army and reparations
Small areas to yugoslavia, romania, greece (lost access to mediterranean)
Gained land from turkey
£100million in reparations
Army=20,000 men
Treaty of Sevres, 1920
Ottoman empire’s territorial losses
Ottoman empire broken up
Smyrna to greece
Syria and lebanon to france as mandates
Iraq, transjordan, palestine to britain as mandates
Rhodes to italy
Kingdom of Hejaz given international recognition
Straits b/w med and black sea made international
Effects of treaty is sevres
Nationalists led by kemal ataturk overthrew sultan and challenged the treaty by fighting and throwing Greeks out of Smyrna
Created 1.4m refugees
Kemal refused to sign the treaty
Anger b/c B+F used TOS to expand empires
Arabs who helped B gained little
Treaty of Lausanne,1923: new turkey
Territory reparations and military
Treaty recognized borders of modern turkey
Allies no longer controlled Ts economy and finances
No reparations had to be paid
No limits on armed forces
Allied forces withdrew from T
Frances losses during ww1
Area larger than Wales destroyed
23,000 factories destroyed
1.4m soldiers killed
2.5m soldiers wounded
Britain’s losses during ww1
750k soldiers dead
1.5m wounded
1B in debt
Destroyed Bs economy
Germany’s losses during ww1
Nearly 2m soldiers killed
Naval blockade- no supplies entering the country
Rev growing in Germany
Other damage(Us It, Russ, A-H Ottoman Empire…)
USA-116k died Boosted econ It 600k dead Russia-1.7 dead Large price to surrender A-h 1.2m deaths Ottoman e 325k deaths Total=11m deaths Spanish influenza killed 25M
Effects of Tov on Germany
POLITICAL VIOLENCE
-1920- kapp putsch: ex members of army defeated by general strike by Berlin workers paralyzed essential services(transport)
-1922-Walter rathenau (g foreign minister) murdered by extremists
-Nov1923-hitler led attempt rebellion Munich putsch defeated
RUHR
1921- payed first installment (50m)
1923-Ruhr occupied by French and Belgian troops, took what was owed in goods and raw materials.
Killed=100 workers
Expelling 100,000 protesters from region
HYPERINFLATION
gov prints money, mark drops dramaTically
Ppl lose savings, Econ hardship
G starts to recover but 1929 hits GDep
German reaction 14 points and LoN
Self def for Germans ignored
Disarmament only applies to G
Germany not allowed in LoN
G reaction loss of territories
Loss of all colonies-hyprocritic Loss of 12% of pool Country split by polish corridor Lost 13% of pre war territory Lost industrial and economic areas(Saar)
German reaction non representation
Unfair
ToV is a dictat
Forced to sign ToV if not naval blockade would continue
Not invited to Paris peace conference-no rep
German reactions disarmament
Tiny army
Only Germany and other defeated countries disarmed
G unable to defend itself
Proud military tradition destroyed
German reaction war guilt and reparations
Germany solely blamed
Unfair
Crippling reparations
Was ToV fair? Territory
FAIR
Austrian German alliance helped cause ww1
Self-det+ plebiscites used to take land from G (north Schleswig)
France destroyed need reparations
UNFAIR
huge areas of land taken from G-anger
Often self determination not used-Alsace-Lorraine
Was ToV fair? Economic
FAIR
Ger accepts war guilt, should pay for the war
France and Belgium need reparations to rebuild
UNFAIR
Ger doesn’t accept war guilt, forced to by big3& November criminals
Ger didn’t solely cause ww1
G economically destroyed
Was Tov fair militarily?
FAIR
ger was aggressor attacked belg and france in 1914
Ger militarism a threat to everyone, still
UNFAIR
every country has the right to defend itself-G can’t
Was Tov fair? Other
FAIR g treated USSR harshly in treaty of Brest-litovsk(1917) G is war Mongering shouldn’t be in LoN Did start the war( Kaiser Wilhem, Serbia) UNFAIR g signed an armistice not a surrender Treaty is a diktat, no negotiation G banned from LoN Humiliation for G
