parenting styles extra reading Flashcards
authoritative parenting and socialisation
Authoritative Parenting and Socialisation
Impact:
Children raised by authoritative parents tend to develop strong social competence, emotional regulation, and independence (herzog et al., 2015)
They engage in bi-directional communication, which enhances their ability to express opinions and understand different perspectives (Maccoby & Martin, 1983).
Studies suggest they have higher self-esteem, better academic achievement, and strong peer relationships (Steinberg et al., 1992)/ hayek et al, 2022
authoritatrain parenting and socialisation
High control and low warmth lead to less social competence due to a lack of autonomy and problem-solving opportunities (Baumrind, 1967).
Children may struggle with assertiveness, often displaying withdrawn or aggressive behaviors in social settings (Chen et al., 1997).
May lead to low self-esteem and higher anxiety due to fear of punishment rather than internalised moral reasoning (Grusec & Goodnow, 1994).
permissive parenting and socialisation
Children often develop poor self-regulation skills, leading to impulsivity and difficulty following rules (Baumrind, 1971).
Lack of clear boundaries may result in difficulty respecting authority and poor peer relationships (Maccoby & Martin, 1983).
Research suggests permissive parenting is linked to higher levels of risk-taking behavior in adolescence (Chan & Koo, 2011).
emotional regulation:
Research has shown both maternal and paternal authoritative styles aided emotional regulation development in adolescence and young adults, specifically the ability of emotional self-control, while authoritarian or permissive parenting was negatively associated with emotional self-control (Herzog et al., 2015; Jabeen & Anis-ul-Haque, n.d.). Emotional self-control is ….. and authoritative styles as they provide sufficient emotional support, helping adolescents talk through and manage emotions……Further, a qualitative study found adolescents with authoritarian parents has less adaptive emotion regulation strategies, including rumination and suppression, and a strong desire to blame emotions on others (Nathania et al., 2022). However, the small sample size and lack of control for cultural factors in this study limit its generalisability. While these studies collectively suggest that authoritative parenting provides a supportive environment essential for good emotional regulation, the use of varying measures of emotional regulation across these studies and a limited exploration into the active causes of this relationship limits the ability to form a generalisable conclusion.
neglect and socialisation
Children often display poor social skills, low academic performance, and increased risk of delinquent behavior (Steinberg et al., 1994).
Lack of parental guidance leads to difficulty forming secure relationships and emotional instability (Lamborn et al., 1991).
More likely to engage in antisocial behavior and struggle with peer interactions (Hoeve et al., 2011).
parenting and academia
Hayek et al., 2022=
Authoritative parenting was prospectively associated with better academic achievement and higher self-efficacy and intention at 6 months follow up. In addition, self-efficacy and intention towards getting good grades were found to mediate the relationship of parenting style to academic achievement. Adolescents who perceive their parents as authoritative are more likely to develop high efficacy beliefs and higher intention and subsequently are more likely to achieve better in school compared to peers of neglectful parents. Socio-demographics did not moderate the effect of parenting on academic achievement.
Conclusion
Authoritative parenting influenced both directly and indirectly the academic achievement of their children. Interventions aiming at improving academic performance of adolescents should also encompass positive parenting style strategies.
parenting styles and self esteem
Jadon et al., 2017-
review of 10 studies= it was found that authoritative parenting style is being considered as the best parenting style giving
limited independence and opportunities to understand their children which considerably has a positive impact on self-esteem of their children, on the other hand all the researches have proved that authoritarian parenting style always has a negative effect on the self esteem, it destroys their self-confidence and increases their insecurity and inferiority
parenting styles and aggression
Masud et al., 2019= As a result of thorough review, 34 relevant studies were identified. The review shows that parenting styles have a direct impact on aggression in children. Authoritative parenting styles play a positive role in psychological behavior in children while authoritarian and permissive parenting styles result in aggressive and negative behaviors in children. The current study also suggests that there is room to conduct studies on this topic in developing countries. Future research should be undertaken in developing and under-developed countries and should focus on mixed modes of research and examine the direct influence of parenting styles on aggressive behavior in children in different cultural contexts.
gender and parenting styles
vyas et al., 2016=
The results indicated that there was significant difference in father’s parenting style between
sons and daughters. It was also found that there was significant difference in mother’s
authoritative parenting style between sons and daughters. But no significant difference
was seen in mother’s authoritarian parenting style between sons and daughters. Conclusion:
There is a shift in parenting style of fathers towards their children. Daughters experienced
more positive parenting from both the parents as compared to sons
critical analysis point to using these styles to assess behaviour, not many studies control for this!
parenting styles and the ability to adjust
Nicholson et al., 2008-
Parental warmth was found to be consistently associated with adult children’s adjustment, while parental control, and the individual parenting styles of parents and stepparents were largely unrelated to adjustment. Young adults whose parent and stepparent both employed a disengaged parenting style had significantly increased risks for engaging in criminal activities, using drugs, and being stressed, and were more likely to report multiple negative outcomes than those exposed to other parenting combinations. Young adults with clinically significant adjustment problems were least likely to have parents and stepparents who both employed authoritative styles of parenting. These data highlight the value of warm supportive relationships within stepfamilies and the importance of parents and stepparents adopting complementary parenting roles.
parents become certain parenitng styles
Chan et al., 2011-
It found that family structure, rather than social class or parental education, is the key factor influencing parenting style, with authoritative parenting more common in two-parent households. Moreover, authoritative parenting is linked to better youth outcomes, including higher self-esteem, well-being, and educational success, while social class has no direct impact on these factors.
however, these are just causal relationships
While it finds strong associations between parenting style and youth outcomes, it does not fully account for the possibility that a child’s behavior might influence parenting style rather than the other way around. Additionally, the study relies on the BHPS Youth Panel, which may not capture the full complexity of parenting dynamics, especially since it does not include direct comparisons between parents’ and teenagers’ perceptions of their interactions.
(Conrade & Ho, 2001; Van Lissa et al., 2019). This study also highlighted a significant difference between adolescents perceived parenting styles and parental self-reported parenting styles, an important variable that should be considered in future research.
