baumrind parenting syles + evaluation

Question 1

Baumrind’s Parenting Styles

Answer 1

Diana Baumrind 1997;2005 identified three parenting styles based on warmth and control:

Authoritarian – High control, low warmth (strict rules, obedience, little emotional warmth).

Permissive – High warmth, low control (few rules, indulgent, lets children make decisions).

Authoritative – High warmth, high control (clear expectations, reasoning, and emotional support).

Question 2

Authoritarian Parenting Style

Answer 2

Emphasizes obedience and strict discipline.
Uses punishment to control behavior.
Values structure, order, and respect.
Discourages affection, questioning authority, and independence.
Can lead to children being obedient but also possibly anxious or socially withdrawn.

Question 3

Permissive Parenting Style

Answer 3

High warmth but lacks control.
Rarely enforces rules or punishes behavior.
Encourages child independence and decision-making.
More likely to consult children on decisions.
Can result in impulsive behavior and poor self-discipline in children.

Question 4

Authoritative Parenting Style

Answer 4

Balances warmth and control.
Sets clear boundaries while encouraging independence.
Uses reasoning, discussion, and positive reinforcement.
Supports child’s development through guidance and supervision.
Associated with positive outcomes like confidence, self-regulation, and social competence.

Question 5

Baumrind’s 1971 Study on Parenting Styles

Answer 5

Explanation:

Studied 134 parents of preschoolers.
Found three main parenting styles:
20% Authoritarian
30% Permissive
19% Authoritative
Identified a fourth category: Neglecting/Uninvolved Parents (8%) who provide little warmth or control.

Question 6

Criticism of Baumrind’s Parenting Typology

Answer 6

Lewis (1981): Parenting styles may reflect the child’s temperament rather than parents’ methods.

Maccoby & Martin (1983) refined Baumrind’s model by introducing two dimensions:
Demandingness (control/discipline)
Responsiveness (warmth/nurturing)
Identified four categories: Authoritative, Permissive, Authoritarian, and Neglectful.

Critics argue Baumrind’s model is too simplistic, doesn’t consider cultural differences, and assumes one style is always best.

• she argues that parenting styles are consistent across the parent- stays the same. however, there are moderations in this! e.g. gender– paternal figures adopt different styles to do with the gender

HOWEVER fadallah 2022- found consistency with Baumrinds parenting styles and her study conluded a signifcant impact of parenting on child development in the same sense

Question 7

Darling & Steinberg (1993) - Parenting Styles vs. Practices

Answer 7

Parenting styles = Emotional context in which parenting occurs (e.g., warmth vs. control).

Parenting practices = Specific behaviors used to socialize children (e.g., discipline strategies).
Styles moderate the effect of practices on children’s development.

Question 8

Cultural Differences in Parenting Styles

Answer 8

Cultural norms influence how parenting styles affect child outcomes.
Authoritarian parenting is linked to negative outcomes in Western cultures but may be beneficial in some Asian cultures where it fosters academic success.

More research is needed on how parenting styles vary across different cultures.

This underscores a key issue within Baumrind’s framework, which is rooted in Western cultures, and ultimately associates authoritarian parenting more negatively, whilst in collectivist cultures, like this Pakistani study, authoritarian parenting is more widely accepted, and perceived as fostering discipline, obedience, and resilience, and in this case, stable ER development (Pinquart & Kauser, 2018; Rudy, 2006). Furthermore, research suggests the effects of authoritarian parenting can vary dependent of the emotional climate within a family, which could explain variations in ER outcomes across different socioeconomic and ethnic groups (Herzog et al., 2024).

Question 9

maccaboy and martins addition

Answer 9

Maccoby and Martin (1983) expanded on Baumrind’s three parenting styles by introducing a four-fold typology based on two key dimensions: demandingness (control) and responsiveness (warmth). Their framework categorized parenting styles into:

Authoritative (High Control, High Warmth) – Parents set clear rules but are also responsive and supportive.
Authoritarian (High Control, Low Warmth) – Parents enforce strict discipline with little warmth or flexibility.
Permissive (Low Control, High Warmth) – Parents are indulgent, allowing freedom with few rules.
Neglectful (Low Control, Low Warmth) – Parents are uninvolved, providing neither structure nor support.