parenting and environmental contexts Flashcards
what 3 aspects of parenting matter?
- warmth (responsiveness)
- support, encouragement, acceptance - structure (demandingness)
- limit setting, monitoring, firm enforcement - intrusiveness (psychological control)
- dominate, pressure, intrude
what is Diana Baumring’s research about?
how consistent parenting is
who are the participants in Diana Baumring’s research?
3 and 4 year olds
what measures are used in Diana Baumring’s research?
- interviews with parents
- home/lab observations of parent-child interactions
describe authoritative parenting in terms of warmth, structure and intrusiveness.
warmth: high
structure: high
intrusiveness: low
describe permissive parenting in terms of warmth, structure and intrusiveness.
warmth: high
structure: low
intrusiveness: low
describe authoritarian parenting in terms of warmth, structure and intrusiveness.
warmth: low
structure: high
intrusiveness: high
describe neglecting/rejecting parenting in terms of warmth, structure and intrusiveness.
warmth: low
structure: low
intrusiveness: low/high
according to the study on effects on parenting styles, which parenting style comes out as best and which is the worst?
best - authoritative
worst - neglecting/rejecting
what does having high structure in parenting lead to?
structure:
- conveys valued standards and behaviour
- limits exposure to risky situations
- generates parental knowledge
causes:
- low externalising (eg. drug use)
- high achievement
what does having high intrusiveness in parenting lead to?
intrusiveness:
- undermines sense of autonomy
- interferes with sense of competence and worth
- conveys rejection
causes:
- high internalising
low structure leads to ________ externalising symptoms and _______ internalising symptoms.
high; low
high intrusiveness leads to ________ externalising symptoms and _______ internalising symptoms.
low; high
what are some externalising symptoms?
- drug use
- aggression
- academic problems
- alcohol, smoking
what are some internalising symptoms?
- anxiety
- depression
- low self-confidence
- perfectionism
does intrusiveness have negative effects outside of the US?
1) yes - universalist perspective
- innate need to feel autonomous and connected
- intrusiveness undermines fulfillment of this need
2) no - culture-specific perspectives
- culture interdependence hypothesis (US oriented towards independence, other countries interdependence, thus more willing to take on parents’ demands)
- normative hypothesis (intrusiveness is common in some countries and normalised, no negative meaning associated, exerted more calmly and deliberately)
due to the __________ hypothesis under cultural perspectives, thai kids who go through high physical dsicipline have much higher adjusment difficulties that those without.
normative
- everyone not getting beaten up but you, so of course you have more difficulties adjusting
*unlike kenya where physical discipline is normalised, less bad, not much effect between those who gets beaten up and those who dont
what are some examples of psychological intrusiveness?
- guilt induction
- shaming
- love withdrawal
- authority assertion
more common in east asian countries
WEIRD societies. what do each letter of WEIRD stand for?
Western
Educated
Industrialised
Rich
Democratic
how do americans define an itelligent child?
aggressive, competitive
how do kipsigis define an intelligent child?
responsible, doing all chores
cultural norms are often a reflection of the ___________ setting of the people.
economic
what is the american definition of a good person?
- constantly attended to and boosted self-esteem
- differentiated from others (everyone is special)
what is the japanese definition of a good person?
- de-emphsised
- needs to attend to and fit in with others
- needs to maintain harmonious relationships with others
in chinese culture, what is the role of parents in children’s acedemic success?
- high expectations
- high parental investment/sacrifice
- stressing consequences of not getting into good school
in european american culture, what is the role of parents in children’s acedemic success?
- foster idea that learning is fun
- show involvement and interest
- build self-esteem
in the personal storytelling study by miller et al., 1997, how much of their stories do the taiwanese and american parents focus their children’s misbehaviour?
taiwanese - 35%
american - 7%
**taiwanese parents use these stories to teach moral and social standards, while american parents use them as entertainment and affirmation for the child to boost their self-esteem
children who are shy are ____ popular in canada and ____ popular in china.
less; more
*in china, shy child = mature well-behaved, understanding
parents’ own ______ during childhood affects their parenting strategies.
experiences
The Developing Parent by Galinsky has 6 stages. What are they?
[Stage, age of child, main task]
stage 1: image making
- age of child: before birth
- task: plan for parenting (changes, meaning of parent)
stage 2: nurturing
- age of child: infancy
- task: develop attachment r/s with child, adapt to newborn
stage 3: authority
- age of child: toddler to preschool
- task: create rules, figure out how to guide child
stage 4: interpretive
- age of child: middle childhood
- task: help child interpret experiences with social world beyond family
stage 5: interdependent
- age of child: adolescence
- task: renegotiate r/s with child to allow for shared-power in decision making
stage 6: departure
age of child: early adulthood
task: evaluate success and failure as parents
what is a context?
children and adults are embedded in environments that are _________, _________ and ____________ _______.
complex; dynamic; hierarchically nested
*complex - contexts influence and are influenced by developing children
*dynamic - salient contexts change with development
*hierarchically nested - individual is center of a set of contexts of varying degrees of proximity to individual
what are the 4 systems in Bronfrenbrenner’s ecological model?
- microsystem (direct influence)
- mesosystem (interactions between microsystems)
- exosystem (indirect influence)
- macrosystem (influence the other systems within the ecological framework)
in Bronfrenbrenner’s ecological model, what does the microsystem contain?
environments or settings that directly influence an individual’s development:
home
school
church
neighborhood
peergroup
TV
in Bronfrenbrenner’s ecological model, what does the mesosystem contain?
interactions and relationships between the different microsystems
*microsystems: home, school, church, peer group, neighborhood
*eg. links btwn family and school, links btwn siblings and peers
in Bronfrenbrenner’s ecological model, what does the exosystem contain?
environments or settings that indirectly influence an individual’s development:
local industry
mass media
school board
government
parents’ work place
in Bronfrenbrenner’s ecological model, what does the macrosystem contain?
cultural, societal, and ideological beliefs and values that shape and influence the other systems within the ecological framework:
- dominant beliefs and ideologies
- cultural values and beliefs
- social norms and ideologies
- historic/economic factors
*eg. role of women in society, GDP, parenting goals, attitudes towards achievement
what is chronosystem?
effects of time on individuals’ development within the ecological system
what are the advantages of co-sleeping?
- bedtime not stressful
- easier breastfeeding
- mom and baby get more sleep
in non-parental child care, high quality care for the 1st 3 years leads to better _________ development.
cognitive
what are the pros and cons of high quantity of non-parental child care for the 1st 3 years?
pros:
- socially competent
- assertive
- self-sufficient
cons:
- more aggressive
- non-compliant
- abnormal cortisol response at age 15 (stress)
under Bronfrenbrenner’s ecological model, how does chronosystem, macrosystem and microsystem affect the example of television?
chronosystem - increased availability of mass media in modern decades
macrosystem - type of programming prevalent in culture
microsystem - how much tv allowed, effects of different types of programming, parental control
american children spend same/different amount of time watching tv and going to school.
same :(
why does it say that tv violence is ubiquitous?
ubiquitous - present everywhere
58% of programs broadcacst 6am to 11pm
73% of perpetrators don’t display remorse nor receive penalty/criticism
what are the 2 perspective of tv violence in children?
- catharsis hypothesis - provides release of negative emotions
- social learning (bandura) - teaches children violent behaviours
what studies are conducted in attempts to resolve the catharsis vs bandura dispute?
- experimental lab studies
- field studies
- longitudinal studies
what is the experimental research conducted in an attempt to resolve the catharsis vs bandura dispute?
[participants, conditions, results]
liebert & baron, 1972
- participants: 5-9 year olds
- conditions: half watched 3.5 min violent minute clip, half watched 3.5 min nonviolent track meet
- results: children in violent condition less likely to offer help to “child” in another room
**16/18 experiments showed the same results
what is the field study conducted in an attempt to resolve the catharsis vs bandura dispute?
[participants, conditions, results]
friedrich & stein, 1973
naturalistic observations of preschoolers to establish aggressiveness
- participants: preschoolers
- conditions: half exposed to cartoon violence (batman), half exposed to nonviolent programming (mr rogers’ neighborhood) for 1 month
- results: children in violent condition more aggressive with classmates
in the longitudinal study conducted in an attempt to resolve the catharsis vs bandura dispute where in 1970s, 557 children were examined, and then in 1990s, 329 adults were interviewed, what IVs are correlated with the DV of violent behaviour in adutlhood?
- amount of violent tv watched
- identification with tv characters
- perceived realism
in the longitudinal study conducted in an attempt to resolve the catharsis vs bandura dispute where in 1970s, 557 children were examined, and then in 1990s, 329 adults were interviewed, what IVs are not correlated with and did not predict the DV of violent behaviour in adutlhood?
- IQ
- Parenting style
- SES
- amount of tv watched as adults
what can parents do about exposure to tv violence?
- limit tv viewing
- encourage appropriate viewing
- explain content
- model good viewing behaviours
- parent authoritatively
give 1 example where tv has positive effects.
- among 3.5 year olds, those who watched sesame street more had highest overall test scores, largest gains in writing and knowledge of alphabet
