Parenting Flashcards
There are 2 key ‘dimensions’ to parenting. What are they?
Responsiveness and Demandingness
Parenting style: Demanding and Responsive
Authoritative/Democratic
How does authoritative parenting look in practice?
Parents encourage independence, monitor behaviour, be accepting of their child.
Adolescents do better in school, they are less anxious and depressed, more socially competent, and they are more independent.
Parenting style: Demanding and Unresponsive
Authoritarian
Reciprocal Socialization is…
A bi-directional process by which parents influence
their children, but children also influence their
parents.
What are phase transitions?
A breakdown of old patterns as new patterns emerge
(e.g. parenting strategies for children vs. strategies
for teens).
During such transitions, even minor
events can have major consequences
Parenting style: Undemanding and Unresponsive
Indifferent
How does indifferent parenting look in practice?
Parents are uninvolved in adolescent’s life, with a lack of monitoring.
Adolescents tend to have little interest in school or work, and poor self-control.
How does authoritarian parenting look in practice?
Restrictive/punitive, very restrictive, high control and limited affection.
Adolescents are dependent, passive, and less self-assured; their self esteem and communication levels are quite low.
Parenting Style: Responsive & Undemanding
Indulgent
How does indulgent parenting look in practice?
Parents tend to be warm/responsive, highly involved, with few demands or controls.
Adolescents are more immature, irresponsible, more easily influenced by friends and peers, and they expect to get their own way.
If a parent is perceived as being very strict but somewhat warm they are practicing…
Traditional parenting.
What is Helicopter Parenting and what are the consequences of it being enacted on adolescents?
It is an over-solicitous, overbearing, and micro-managing parenting style.
Poor psychological health, substance abuse, low self-efficacy and dependency, lowered self-esteem, low autonomy and coping skills are the main consequences.
Mothers are typically also their adolescent’s ________
Managers. Although not as much in same-sex or more ‘contemporary’ families.
What are the 5 C’s of positive youth development according to Lerner?
Competence
Confidence
Connection
Character
Caring/compassion
What is the 6th C produced by the 5 C’s of positive youth development?
Contribution
How can we facilitate positive youth development?
Do our part to provide a breadth of positive and sustained adult relationships (caring and competent adults, includes parents, friends, teachers, mentors).
Encourage participation in life-skill building activities (select positive goals or purposes, how to pursue those goals effectively, how to compensate if we face challenges/failure).
Provide opportunities to be a leader in family, school and community activities.
Define emotional autonomy
The capacity to let go of childlike dependencies on
parents.
(adolescents de-idealize their parents, perceive parents as
people, and become less dependent on parents for
immediate emotional support)
Define behaviour autonomy
The ability to make one’s own decisions and take responsibility for one’s actions and their consequences.
What is behavioral control?
Setting rules, limits or restrictions on a child’s activities (structuring, tracking, monitoring).
T/F: Higher behavioural control is linked to less delinquency, less drug and alcohol use, and less risky sexual activity.
True.
What is psychological control?
Attempting to influence thoughts, feelings and
attachment to the parent (love withdrawal, guilt,
shame).
If an adolescent is experiencing/presenting anxiety, depression, withdrawn behaviour & is disclosing very little, the parent probably has a ______ control style.
Psychological.
Adolescent-parent conflict peaks during grade _____.
9, obviously.
T/F: High-conflict families tend to have problems that pre-date adolescence.
True.
A secure attachment style leads to adolescents:
Increased Social Competence and well-being:
↑self-esteem, emotional adjustment, physical health
↓ problem behaviour (delinquency, drug abuse)
Successful autonomy and positive peer and friendship relations.
Dismissing/Avoidant parenting leads to adolescents:
Increased violent behaviour and less parental influence overall. Reduced connections with peers.
Preoccupied/Ambivalent parenting leads to adolescents:
Presenting a high degree of attachment seeking behaviour
Experiencing angry feelings frequently
Being socially withdrawn
What percentage of Canadian marriages end in divorce?
38%
Nearly ___% of children living in one-parent families headed by a female parent are living in poverty.
26%
Nearly ___% of children born to married parents will
experience divorce in the U.S.
40%
T/F: Divorce rates have increased in Canada since the pandemic.
False, they decreased quite rapidly.
Learners who come from divorced households will experience…
➢ academic problems
➢ externalized problems (acting out and delinquency) and
internalized problems (anxiety and depression,
especially girls)
Additional negative effects of divorce on adolescents include them…
➢ having less competent intimate relationships
➢ being less socially responsible
➢ dropping out of school
➢ taking drugs and associating with ‘antisocial’ peers more frequently
➢ becoming sexually active earlier
➢ having lower self-esteem
What are the 4 factors that influence children’s responses to divorce?
The amount of actual change in the child’s life
The amount of hostility accompanying the divorce
The age of the child at the time of the divorce
The nature of the parent-child relationship
What is boundary ambiguity?
The uncertainty in stepfamilies about who is in or out of the family and who is performing or responsible for certain tasks in the family system
Stepfamily ‘adjustments’ for everyone involved take up to ___ years to be ‘comfortable’.
5
T/F: Step-parents should be involved in disciplining their new step-children early in the relationship.
False.
T/F: The same percentage (90%) as children raised by
heterosexual parents develop a heterosexual orientation
as adults.
True.
