Gender Flashcards
What is gender identity?
How one perceives oneself through their individual, internal experience of gender.
Gender identity is not…
Sex, or sexual orientation.
If you encounter a set of expectations that prescribes how you should look, act, think, and feel according to your gender, you are experiencing…
Gender roles.
The process by which children come to take on the
gender roles expected in their society is called…
Gender typing.
Gender typing theories emphasize ____,
____, and/or ____
Biology, socialization, and/or cognition.
Name and describe the two types of bias that are typically present in gender research.
Alpha bias - research that overestimates differences
Beta bias - research that underestimates differences
A biological approach to gender focuses on…
Prenatal hormones (especially testosterone), hormonal exposure & changes during adolescence
Release of adrenocortical hormones in early adolescence
linked to initial _____ interests, which is linked to
intensification of _____-_____ behaviour.
romantic interests, gender-typed
T/F: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) has no effect on AMAB people.
True.
Some symptoms of CAH in AFAB bodies include…
– Genitals develop in a masculine direction
– Greater preference for boys’ activities
– Play more with boys
– Perform better on spatial tasks than other girls
– More dissatisfied with being a woman
– Less sexual interest in men
There has been empirical evidence documented of gender being socialized in children as early as age ___.
3.
Socialization approaches to gender emphasize what sort of approach?
Praise/criticism for gender (in)appropriate behaviour.
Bandura argued that gender was learned through observation of various models. What key factors contribute to how we gain knowledge of gender? (There are 3 key categories)
Consequences - children learn about gender through observation of males and females and the they receive for their various behaviours. ‘Big boys don’t cry’.
Self-efficacy – how successful individuals think they will be within their bounds of gender.
Internalization - children become self-motivated to conform to gender norms of society through of modeled behaviours.
At age 2-3, children…
begin self-labeling their gender
Gender stability (the knowledge that your gender is stable over time) occurs around age _____
6/7
Gender ______ is the concept that gender remains the same across all situations.
consistency
Schema developed around gender results in…. (2 main points)
Children preferring their own group and think of it as better,
and they pay more attention to information about their own gender and remember it better.
What is the Gender Intensification Hypothesis? (3 main points)
Children become more pressured to conform to their gender roles with the approach of adolescence
Puberty intensifies the sexual aspects of adolescents’ gender attitudes and behaviour
There are more social pressures to conform to more traditional/attractive masculine and feminine roles
T/F: Higher levels of gender dysphoria = higher levels of depression and behavioural problems
True.
T/F: Intellectual differences are negligible between the sexes
True.
What is the stereotype threat?
The risk of a self-fulfilling prophecy: if we say ‘girls aren’t good at math’ we run the risk of teaching to their very underperformance!
T/F: There are substantial differences in socioemotional behaviors in babies/young children
False.
T/F: Girls and boys show similar levels of verbal aggressiveness
True.
How do adolescent boys tend to react to nonconformity? How does this impact the nonconformists?
they tend to judge nonconformity more harshly; nonconformists who are judged/excluded face negative social and psychological outcomes
Children with an older sibling of the other gender hold ______ stereotypical views on gender compared to those with same-gender older siblings
less
