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Psychobiology > Parental Care > Flashcards

Parental Care Flashcards

1
Q

child rearing

A

process of bringing up children

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2
Q

Early 20th Century View of Childrearing

A
  • focus on hygiene, due to new knowledge of disease
  • high infant mortality rates due to communicable diseases (cholera, influenza)

neglects emotional development

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3
Q

Psychological View of Childrearing

A
  • behaviourist movement, behaviour is entirely shaped through interactions
  • engage children with activities during day to stay out of trouble
  • love was a reaction that would lead to “over” cuddling
  • doting parents endow their child with weakness
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4
Q

Harlow Study of Love

A

seperated monkeys from mothers didn’t survive long
- baby monkeys on wire floors lived shorter than on cloth floors

  • baby monkey spent more time on cloth mother than wire mother, even when the wire mother had nourishment
  • requires motherly love
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5
Q

Attachment Theory

A

proposing that attachment can be understood in an evolutionary context, caregiver provides safety and security for the infant, attachment is adaptive as it enhances the infant’s chance of survival

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6
Q

Still Face Experiment

A
  • babies react just as strongly to their fathers “still face”
  • young children learn the foundations of later skills by gathering information from the world
  • quality of parenting relationships, not the family structure, matters for most children
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7
Q

Estrogen and Progesterone during Pregnancy

A
  • progesterone establishes placenta, strengthens pelvic wall muscles, stimulates growth of blood vessels
  • estrogen helps uterus grow, maintain lining
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8
Q

Oxytocin during Pregnancy

A
  • levels rise at the start of labour, stimulating contractions of uterine muscle
  • fosters maternal behaviour
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9
Q

Dampened Stress System during Pregnancy

A
  • necessary for mother leave offspring for period of time to get food or other resources
  • mothers respond differently to stress than non-mothers
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10
Q

Maternal Stress

A

Pregnancy
- stress and anxiety negatively impact birth outcomes
- can compromise postnatal infant development

Postpartum
- stress and anxiety increase the risk of postpartum depression and anxiety (low mood, fatigue and restlessness)
- can compromise mother infant relationship

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11
Q

Variations of Parental Care

A
  • Indirect care: food, protection (Chimpanzees)
  • Biparental
  • Sole Caregiver (Titi Monkey)
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12
Q

Cooperative Breeding Hypothesis

A
  • challenges maternal instinct
  • high levels of non-maternal care
  • fathers and other non-mother people directly provide care to babies
  • skills for care of offspring are not restricted to mothers
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13
Q

Recognising Crying Baby

A
  • parents spending at least 4 hrs with the children recording 90% recognition rate
  • experience is more important than maternal instinct
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14
Q

Hormonal Changes during Pregnancy for Men

A
  • decline in testosterone
  • less hostile behaviour with infant
  • more help around house
  • possibly relating to psychological changes rather than hormonal
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15
Q

Play as a Deferred Evolutionary Adaptation

A
  • helps socialisation skills and emotional regulation
  • learn feelings like frustration and how to deal with them
  • learn competition, sharing, winning and losing
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16
Q

Oxytocin and Parenting

A
  • increased in both parents from first postpartum weeks
  • higher in mothers that displayed more affectionate interactions
  • fathers felt oxytocin equal to mothers in their interactions despite them being different (same underlying mechanisms)
17
Q

Language and Cognitive Skills

A
  • fathers talk to their young children with more questions that begin the 5 W’s
  • more requests for clarification, repeat and revise their utterance, preparing them for preschool and school
18
Q

The Grandmother Effect

A

adaptationist theory for why human female life span extends beyond fertility
- whale (orca) offspring live with their mothers for their entire lives
- at the time of the grandmother death their likelihood of survival for the descendants of the grandmother drop
- the steepest drop in survival was when a post-reproductive female died

this suggests that the function of the survival after fertility relates to the support in group survival, collecting food and resources

19
Q

Types of Parental Support

A

physical, emotional, social and intellectual

20
Q

Medical View of Child Rearing

A
  • urged parents to keep a clean house
  • avoid physical contact with child
  • babies under 6 months should not be played with as they are made irritable and sleep badly
21
Q

Mother Influencing Emotional Development

A
  • placed infant into environment with novel objects
  • baby uses the mother as a secure base from which to explore the world
  • when mother was taken away, the infant would be in fear
22
Q

Modern Views on Parenthood

A

focus on social, emotional and cognitive development

23
Q

Strange Situation Test

A

measures the security of an attachment in infants
20 min participant observation

Stage One: together (understanding baby’s confidence to explore)
Stage Two: baby’s response to unfamiliar newcomer
Stage Three: baby’s response to being left by the mother
Stage Four: baby’s response to mothers return
Stage Five: together
Stage Six: baby alone
Stage Seven: baby with stranger
Stage Eight: together

researchers measured:
- proximity + contact seeking
- contact maintaining
- avoidance of proximity + contact
- resistance to contact + comforting
- exploratory baby

24
Q

Three Attachment Types

A

Secure, Ambivalent, Avoidant

25
Q

Secure Attachment

A
  • show distress when separated from mother
  • avoidant of stranger, unless accompanied by mother
  • happy to see mother after separation

70 percent of infants

26
Q

Ambivalent Attachment

A
  • show intense distress when separated from mother
  • significant fear of stranger
  • approach mother but reject after separation

15 percent of infants

27
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A
  • show no interest when separated from mother
  • play happily with stranger
  • ignore mother after separation

15 percent of infants

28
Q

Main and Solomon (1990) added Attachment Type

A

Disorganised Attachment
- inconsistent attachment behaviour
- ~4 percent of infants

29
Q

Caregiver Sensitivity Hypothesis

A

Differences in infants’ attachment styles are dependent on the mother’s behaviour during critical periods of development

30
Q

Effects of non-responsiveness on Baby

A
  • causes stress
  • only a problem in long spurts
31
Q

Serve and Return

A

Serves an interaction to an adult e.g. point
Return is the parental response

  • crucial parenting skill to develop skills like initiation, communication and emotional connection
32
Q

Talking Differences between Father and Mother

A
  • fathers are more challenging in the way they talk to toddlers
  • more requests for clarification
33
Q

Differences in Brain Structure between Mother and Virgin Rats

A
  • function and structure of hippocampus change after pregnancy and motherhood to support better learning
  • mothers have more protrusions on nerve cells called spines (enable connections to other brain cells)
34
Q

Dam Retrieval in Rats

A
  • seperated pups emit distress (dams) to be found and retrieved
  • oxytocin is responsible for this learning
  • not applicable in virgin rats but it is learnable behaviour
35
Q

Dam Retrieval in Rats - Left Auditory Cortex

A
  • stores dam retrieval
  • if blocked with inhibitory neurotransmitter, restricts pup retrieval and baby is ignored
36
Q

Stress Response of Mothers VS Non-Mothers

A
  • reduced stress reactivity in mothers (lower rises in corticosterone)
  • necessary adaptation for mothers to leave pups for resources

human:
- stress reactivity further reduced during lactation
- stress inhibits learning, effecting the mother’s assurance of baby’s survival

Psychobiology (10 decks)

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