Attachment

Question 1

Health Risks in Relationships

Answer 1

relationship dissolution are associated with significant health risks

Question 2

Paternity Uncertainty

Answer 2

lack of certainty in whether the father has genetic bonds to the child

Question 3

Unrelated Measurements of Paternity

Answer 3

• outside people aren’t accurate at determining paternity
• different resemblances to child across their age course, boys more like their fathers during childhood, girls persist across age

Question 4

Related Measurements of Paternity

Answer 4

• mothers ascribe more resemblance to the father to their newborns
• maternal facial perception is biased towards father, possibly to reassure father paternity

Question 5

Cinderella Effect

Answer 5

tendency for poor treatment among step/non-biological parents

Question 6

Bruce Effect

Answer 6

the termination of pregnancies after exposure to unfamiliar males

• Gelada (baboon) terminate 80% of pregnancies in weeks after dominant male is replaced
• adaptive for females to abort fetus instead of waiting for birth where infanticide would occur

Question 7

Filicide

Answer 7

killing of a child by a parent or parent-equivalent
- average 20 a year in Australia
- risk factors include criminal history, domestic violence, parents with mental illness or substance abuse

Question 8

Testosterone and Fatherhood

Answer 8

• men in relationships have lower testosterone
• age-related decrease in testosterone
• relationship status

Testes size
- negatively correlated with paternal investment
- higher testosterone and bigger testes demonstrate lower caregiving

Question 9

Dopamine and Pair Bonding

Answer 9

• neurons in the area that receive dopamine input have specialised receptors
• either D1 or D2
• In Nucleus Accumbens, D2 activation facilitates bonding, D1 activation opposes it

Step 1: Bonding
- dopamine binds to D2 in nucleus accumbens

Step 2: Brain Change
- D1 levels increase in nucleus accumbens

Step 3: Exclusivity
- increased D1 levels prevent formation of new bonds, cause aggression towards strange females

Question 10

Corticotrophin-Releasing Factor (CRF) and Addiction

Answer 10

• starting point of stress response
• receptors expressed in stress-sensitive areas of the brain
• increased by drug withdrawal symptoms, stressors
• influenced by emotional responses
• input of CRF suppresses the depression/ stress effects

Question 11

Love withdrawal in Voles

Answer 11

seperation from a female partner causes males to show depressive-like behaviours
- compared siblings to partners

females find bonds with family and friends of the same sex as reason to mourn

Question 12

Love and Addiction

Answer 12

• use similar neural mechanisms
• secure social bonds counteract drug addiction
• dopamine is important for the initiation of bonding
• CRF mediated stress is responsible for motivation to seek out drugs or partner

Question 13

Promiscuity of Fairy Wrens

Answer 13

• their genetic health is increased by having more eggs fertilised by different males = benefit of variety

Question 14

Advantage of Alpha Male in Chimpanzees

Answer 14

• alpha males tend to father more children than non-alphas
• although females have more access to resources the more they mate

Question 15

Motivation induced by CRF to maintain addiction

Answer 15

negative reinforcement acts as a greater motivation for substance dependence as it grows in intensity to maintain an equilibrium