Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Parasitology > Parasitology Test 3 > Flashcards

Parasitology Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Phylum Platyhelminthes

A
  • all members are bilaterally symmetrical
  • triploblastic
  • have an incomplete or no gut
  • acoelomate
  • cephalized
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does it mean to be acoelomate?

A

Space between bodywall and internal organs is filled with connective tissue and muscle fibers called parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are 4 diagnostic features of trematodes?

A
  • presence of ecto and endoparasite forms, with incomplete gut
  • have complex heteroxenous life cycles involving at least one intermediate host, a gastropod (snail)
  • body wall covered with thick cuticle
  • Has 2 suckers usually one by mouth and ventral surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

___is the outermost covering of the trematode’s body, it is a tough, resistant structure

A

Tegument

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does syncytial mean?

A

multinucleated, without cell boundaries between nuclei; used to describe the tegument of trematodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Function of glycocalyx?

A
  • attachment to host
  • protection from antibodies and digestive enzymes
  • uptake and storage of vital molecules from the enviornment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

_____is the region of the trematode that contains nuclei, cell organells like the ER, golgi body, mitochondria, and is responsible for the teguments maintenance

A

Proximal cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the functions of the Tegument?

A
  • protection
  • nutrient absorption
  • synthesis and secretion of various nutrients
  • excretion and osmoregulation
  • sensory role
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name the 2 suckers of a Trematode

A
  • anterior oral sucker surrounding the mouth

- Acetabulum on ventral surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Trematodes are___one individual holds both the male and female reproductive organs

A

Monoecious/hermaphroditic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The male organs of a trematode tend to mature first and produce sperm that are stored until needed, this is called___

A

protandry or androgyny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In a few trematode species, the ovary matures first, this is called___

A

protogyny or gyandry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the pathway of sperm in sperm in trematoes reproductive system?

A

Testis (paired except Schistosoma) -> Vas efferens -> Vas deferens -> Cirrus sac (with seminal vesicle and prostate gland) -> cirrus (male copulatory organ)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The muscular distal portion of the uterus of a trematode is called___

A

Metraterm, helps propel the eggs out of the uterus. Also serves in copulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Trematode eggs typically have on one end, a lid like structure called the___ which aids the miracidium to hatch

A

Operculum or cap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

___is a common parasite of sheep and cattle kept on damp pastures worldwide, but it is occasionally found in humans, it is the best studied trematode because of its large size (30x13mm)

A

Fasciola

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 8 genera of visceral flukes?

A
  • Fasciola
  • Clonorchis
  • Opisthorchic
  • Fasciolopsis
  • Heterophyes
  • Metagonimus
  • Echinostoma
  • Paragonimus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What 3 visceral flukes are found in the liver?

A
  • Fasciola
  • Clonorchis
  • Opisthorchis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What 4 visceral flukes live within the small intestine?

A
  • Fasciolopsis
  • Heterophyes
  • Metagonimus
  • Echinostoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What visceral fluke is found in the lungs?

A

Paragonimus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where do adult fasciola reside?

A

Gall Bladder and Bile ducts in liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are 7 major characteristics of Fasciola hepatica?

A
  • leaf shaped
  • cone shaped projection at anterior end called CEPHALIC cone
  • Oral sucker located at end of cephalic cone
  • Oral and ventral suckers are almost of equal size
  • Short, convoluted uterus is situated anteriorly
  • Viteline follicles extensive, fills most of body posteriorly
  • highly branched testes and cecum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 8 general steps in lifecycle of Fasciola hepatic?

A
  1. Unembryonated eggs passed into feces
  2. Embryonated eggs go into water
  3. Miracidium hatch, penetrate snail
  4. Within snail, miracidium metamorphoses into sporocyst -> rediae -> cercariae
  5. Free swimming cercariae encyst on water plants
  6. Metacercariae on water plants are ingested by humans, sheep, or cattle
  7. Encyst in duodenum
  8. Adults reside in hepatic biliary ducts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are symptoms of Fascioliasis in humans?

A
  • head/back ache
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • fever
  • abdominal pain (resulting from destruction of liver tissue and internal hemorrhage)
  • Adult flues may block the bile duct causing obstructive jaundice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the treatment for Fasciola hepatica?

A

-Administration orally of bithionol & praziquantel for 2 wks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is control and prevention measurements of Fasciola hepatica

A
  • Sheep and cattle feces should not be allowed near aquatic regions
  • Monitor snail populationn
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Clonorchis sinensis also known as?

A

-Chinese/oriental liver fluke (Japan, China, Korea, Vietnam) infects 20 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the reservoir host of Clonorchis sinensis in Far East?

A
  • cats
  • dog
  • tigers
  • foxes
  • mink
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the 1st and 2nd intermediate host of Clonorchis sinensis?

A

1st intermediate host: snail

2nd intermediate host: freshwater fishes

30
Q

What is the lifecycle of Clonorchis sinensis?

A
  1. Emrbyonated eggs passed in feces
  2. Eggs are ingested by snail become Miracidia->sporocysts->rediae-> cercariae
  3. Free swimming cercariae encyst in the skin or flesh of fresh water fish
  4. Metacercariae in flesh or skin of fresh water are ingested by human host
  5. Excyst in duodenum
  6. Adults in biliary ducts
31
Q

What is the definitive host of Clonorchis sinensis?

A

Humans and other vertebrates

32
Q

How do humans become infected by Clonorchis sinensis?

A

Eating undercooked contaminated fish (including steamed or smoked fish)

33
Q

What are symptoms of infection by Clonorchis sinensis?

A
  • erodes bile duct, amount of damage is linked to density of worms in bile duct.
  • If repetitive infection occurs, can lead to cancer of bile ducts
34
Q

What is the treatment for Clonorchis sinensis?

A

Praziquantel taken 2 days orally

35
Q

What are preventative and control measures of Clonorchis sinensis?

A
  • Treatment of feces before using as a fertilizer

- Complete protection is achieved by cooking fish

36
Q

____is the largest trematode

A

Fasciolopsis buski

37
Q

What are 4 differences between Fasciolopsis buski and Fasciola hepatica?

A

In F. buski: (1) the caeca lack side branches

(2) the ventral sucker is much larger than the oral sucker
(3) no cephalic cone
(4) adults live in the small intestine and not in the liver

38
Q

How do humans become infected with Fasciolopsis buski?

A

Infection is acquired by ingestion of metacercaria encysted on fresh-water plants (bamboo shoots, water chestnuts) which are eaten raw

39
Q

What is the life cycle of Fasciolopsis buski? 8 steps

A
  1. Unembryonated eggs passed in feces
  2. Embryonated eggs in water
  3. Miracidia hatch, penetrate snail (sporocysts->Rediae->Cercariae)
  4. Free-swimming cercariae
  5. Metacercariae on plants ingested by humans and pigs causing infection
  6. Excyst in duodenum
  7. Adults in small intestine
40
Q

What are symptoms of infection by Fasciolopsis buski?

A
  • infection is light and asymptomatic.
  • With many worms, there is nausea, diarrhea and severe intestinal pains
  • Worms cause damage to the mucosa via inflammation, ulceration, and abscesses at the site of attachment with their large ventral sucker
41
Q

What are prevention and control measurements for Fasciolopsis buski?

A
  • Wash vegetables and carefully peel them, boil them
  • Treat human feces before using it as fertilizer in ponds
  • keep the pig poop away from ponds
  • Dont feed pigs freshwater plants before they dry
42
Q

What are morphological characteristics of Echinostoma revolutum?

A

-circumoral collar of peg-like spines

Fun Fact: size, number, and arrangement of these collar spines serve as important taxonomic tools for identification

43
Q

What is the most common Trematode of warm-blooded vertebrates?

A

Echinostoma revolutum

44
Q

What is the 2nd intermediate host of Echinostoma revolutum?

A

any bird or mammal that eats snails

45
Q

What are 5 differences between Trematodes and Cestodes?

A
  1. Cestodes have a flat tape-like or ribbon like body
  2. Cestodes body is made up of hermaphroditic segments called PROGLOTTIDS, the whole chain is called a strobila
  3. They lack mouth and digestivee tract
  4. They are exclusively endoparisitic in vertebrates gut
  5. Their larvae infect both vertebrates and invertebrates
46
Q

Cestodes with many proglottids are called ___

A

polyzoic (true tapeworms)

47
Q

Cestodes with 1 set of reproductive organs are called

A

Monozoic (rare)

48
Q

Cestodes consist of 3 body regions ___,___,and___

A

Scolex, Neck, and Strobila

49
Q

___and____are the two types of suckers present on scolices of human tapeworms

A

Acetabulate and Bothraite

50
Q

Describe acetabulate types of suckers of tapeworms

A
  • cup shaped
  • 4 muscular suction cups sunk into the equatorial surface of the scolex
  • hooks that help anchor to host gut wall called ARMED
51
Q

_____is the small rounded projection bearing hooks on apex of scolex of tapeworm

A

Rostellum

52
Q

Describe bothraite type of suckers on scolex of tapeworm

A
  • characterized by presence of 2 (rarely 4 to 6) longitudinally arranged shallow grooves
  • weak suction power called bothria
53
Q

On the tapeworm, from what zone are new segments or PROGLOTTIDS differentiated?

A

-Neck

54
Q

____constitute a chain of proglottids and is unique among metazoans

A

Strobila

55
Q

Strobila are grouped into 3 regions based on progessive maturity of proglottids reproductive system

A
  • immature
  • mature
  • gravid
56
Q

Gravid proglottids are filled with____

A

eggs or shelled embryos

57
Q

When gravvid proglottids reach end of strobila they either:

  1. Detach and pass out of host intact with feces known as___
  2. Disintegrate in route, releasing the eggs and again discharged to exterior in feces, known as____

This process is known as ___

A
  1. Apolytic
  2. Anapolytic

Process known as apolysis

58
Q

Being that Cestodes (tapeworms) lack any digestive tract, how do they absorb nutrients?

A

-Through external covering (tegument)

-

59
Q

The tegument of cestodes is covered by minute projections called___project outward

A

microtriches

60
Q

What is the function of microthrix of tapeworms?

A
  • Agitate wall of intestine, increase accesibility to nutrients
  • Apical tip helps provide resistance to peristaltic movement of intestine
61
Q

Tegument of Cestodes has 2 cytoplasmic regions___and___

A

Distal and proximal

62
Q

What are functions of distal cytoplasm of cestodes?

A
  • contain abundant vesicles and electron dense bodies

- numerous mitochondria

63
Q

What are functions of proximal cytoplasm of cestodes?

A

-contain all the major cell organelles

64
Q

Egg morphology is important for identifying cestode species. The embryonic membranes serve as protective coverings of the embryo, which is called an ________

A

oncosphere

65
Q

_____are morphologically & developmentally similar to trematode eggs.

A

Pseudophyllidean eggs
-They have a thick, quinone-tanned shell, with a lid-like operculum
Numerous vitelline cells provide nourishment for the zygote.
Zygote develops into an oncosphere- it’s covered by a ciliated embryophore that helps in swimming upon hatching.
This phase is referred to as coracidium.

66
Q

What is an example of a tapeworm that has pseudophyllidean eggs?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

67
Q

____eggs have a thin shell and a nonciliated embryophore, but a thick outer envelope
Very few vitelline cells are associated with the zygote

A

Dipylidium eggs

68
Q

What are examples of cestode genera that have dipylidium eggs?

A

Dipylidium and Hymenolepis

69
Q

_____eggs have no shell or outer envelope and have very little vitelline cells
-The thick, nonciliated embryophore makes up the outermost covering.

A

Taeniidae

70
Q

What two cestode genera have Taeniidae eggs?

A

Echinococcus and Taenia

Parasitology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions