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Organisms and The Environment > Parasitology: MINI > Flashcards

Parasitology: MINI Flashcards

1
Q

Why is parasitology important?

A
  • parasites highly successful
  • 50% animals parasites
  • evolved independently in nearly every phylum
  • medical and veterinary implications
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2
Q

What are DALY’s

A

Disability adjusted life units

Amount of time people lose in their life due to being ill

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3
Q

What is parasitology?

A 
Study of parasites from animal and Protozoa kingdoms 
Protozoa
Parasitic worms
Arthropods
Chordates
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4
Q

What is the symbiosis continuum

A 
Study of 2 organisms in lose association (normally different species) 
Broken into:
Phoresis
Mutualism
Commensalism 
Parasitism
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5
Q

Phoresis

A

Symbionts travel together
No harm
No physiological or biochemical dependence

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6
Q

Mutualism

A

No harm
Both partners benefit
Association not obligatory
Some dependence

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7
Q

Commensalism

A

Usually one partner benefits
No harm
Some dependence

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8
Q

Parasitism

A

One partner lives at the metabolic expense of the host
Harm
Obligatory dependence

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9
Q

Ectoparasite

A

Lives externally

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10
Q

Endoparasite

A

Lives internally

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11
Q

Define parasitism in terms of population

A

Parasites aggregate into host population
Large numbers of parasite may result in killing their host (will do so if its in its interest and no evolutionary advantage not to)
A parasite has a higher reproductive rate than its host

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12
Q

Obligate parasite

A

Can’t complete life cycle without host

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13
Q

Facultative parasite

A

Can become parasitic if accidentally ingested or enters orifice/wound

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14
Q

What are the different types of host animal

A 
Definitive 
Intermediate
Paratenic 
Reservoir
Vector
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15
Q

Definitive

A

Parasite reaches sexual maturity

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16
Q

Intermediate

A

Parasite develops and often reproduces asexually

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17
Q

Paratenic

A

Parasite undergoes no development but remains infective to another host

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18
Q

Reservoir

A

Animal harbours a parasite which can be transmitted to humans

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19
Q

Urban cycle

A

Humans catch parasite form domestic animals

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20
Q

Sylvatic cycle

A

Humans catch parasite from wild animals

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21
Q

Vector

A

An agent that transmits a disease

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of vector (and describe)

A 
Mechanical = no development 
Biological = development and/or reproduction
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23
Q

Describe microparasites

A

Consist of: viruses, bacteria, Protozoa

  • epidemic disease (peaks and troughs of infection)
  • specific resistance to infection]
  • high reproductive potential
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24
Q

Describe macro parasites

A

Consist of: worms, crustaceans, insects

  • endemic disease
  • non specific host resistance
  • low reproduction potential
  • transmission dependent upon specific transmission stages
25
The major micro parasitic groups
Prions Viruses Bacteria Protozoa
26
The major macro parasitic groups
Phylum Platyhelminthes Phylum Nematoda Phylum Arthropoda
27
Platyhelminthes subgroups
Monogenean | Digenean
28
Monogenean
direct life cycle | One host
29
Digenean
Indirect life cycle | More then one host
30
Nematoda example
Trichinella spiralis - adult worm occurs in the gut and lives in the microvilli - produces eggs in the host - larvae becomes encysted in the wall - will change muscle cell into perfect environment for juvenile worm ( can stay there for years) - relies on carnivores and humans can be accidental host if i eat uncooked meat
31
What are the main parasite functions
``` Attachment Nutrition Evasion of immune response Reproduction Transmission ```
32
Describe monogenean attachment
Posterior opisthaptor - equipped with suckers, clamps, hooks and /or glands - worm length <1mm-3cm
33
Describe digenean attachment
Oral and ventral suckers | 0.1mm-8cm
34
Describe Cestoda attachment
Scolex (anterior attachment structure) - embed into gut wall and tend not to move after - 2mm-40m
35
Describe general attachment
Complex attachment can restrict movement bit if too simple can risk dislodgement Structure of parasite attachment exactly fits host tissue
36
What is the method of nutrition in micro parasites
Absorb nutrients via cell surface
37
What are the methods of nutrition in macro parasites
Surface browsing Blood feeding Bulk tissue feeding Nutrient uptake across body wall
38
What are the problems of blood feeding
Waste products of blood digestion Lack of vitamin B Clotting agents Exposure to hosts immune system
39
What are the physiological and behavioural adaptations for nutrition in parasites
- Symbiotic micro organisms to counteract vitamin B deficiency - production of anti coagulants - release of indigenous enzymes (parasite)and binding of exogenous enzymes (host) - acidification of hosts gut through secretion of H+ - migration along hosts gut
40
What are the morphological adaptations of parasites for nutrition
Increased body surface area - microthrix - microvilli - surface folds Modified mouth parts - cutting plates - penetration stylets - lacinia - epipharynx
41
Define immunity
Possession of tissues capable of recognising and protecting animals against invaders. Evoked by recognition of some parts of the parasite or its secretory/excretory products
42
Define innate immunity
Defence not dependent of previous exposure
43
Define acquired immunity
Response develops after infection to particular parasite
44
Define cross immunity
Immunity between species after being infected by one
45
Define susceptible host
Can not eliminate area site
46
Define resistant host
Prevents establishment and survival of parasite
47
Premunition resistance
Host recovers from disease and is resistant to re-infection but some parasites remain and reproduce at a slow rate (Incomplete resistance)
48
Concomitant immunity
Parasite elicits protection against reinfection but parasite itself remains unaffected by immune response (Incomplete resistance)
49
How does the parasite evade hosts immune response?
``` Inaccessibility Antigen disguise/mimicry Antigen polymorphism Shedding antigens Immunomodulation of host Anticomplementary activity ```
50
Describe inaccessibility
- Intracellular or in tissues which have a weak immune response a.k.a immunologically naive sites e.g. the eye - Intracellular invasion of immune cells with phagolysomes of macrophages
51
Describe disguise/mimicry
Host/host-like antigens bound to the surface of the parasite
52
Describe antigen polymorphism
- parasite changes the antigens on the surface of its cell overtime - host adapts and attacks antigens but then parasite changes = host adapts again due to selection pressure Cycle repeats
53
Describe shedding antigens
So much parasite antigen shedded that it overwhelms the immune response
54
Describe immunomodulation of host
Causes lymphocytes to produce wrong cytokines, polyclonal B stimulation, inhibiting macrophages activation
55
Describe parasite reproduction
- parasites higher reproductive potentials than their hosts - are R strategists (no parental investment) instead of K strategists - many different methods of reproduction Asexual : Reduces genetic diversity and ensures host parasite co-evolution and maintains stability Sexual: Increased genetic diversity
56
Oviparous
Eggs released into environment and develop outside of parents body
57
Ovoviviparous
Encapsulated embryos develop within parents body
58
Viviparous
Embryos develop in parents body with no egg shell (live young)

Organisms and The Environment (9 decks)

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