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Organisms and The Environment > Animal Behviour (MINI) > Flashcards

Animal Behviour (MINI) Flashcards

1
Q

Tinbergens 4 questions why

A
  1. Causation (mechanisms)
  2. Ontogeny (development)
  3. Function (adaptive advantage)
  4. Phylogeny (evolutionary history)
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2
Q

Ethology

A

Form and function

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3
Q

Neuroethology

A

Neural control of behaviour

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4
Q

Behavioural ecology

A

Behavioural adaptions and selection pressures

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5
Q

Sociobiology

A

Social behaviour

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6
Q

Behavioural genetics

A

Control of behaviour by multiple genes and modifiers of gene expression

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7
Q

Psychology

A

Perception, mental representation, learning etc…

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8
Q

Anthropology

A

Humans and human origins

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9
Q

Evolutionary anthropology

A

Archaeology

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10
Q

Cultural anthropology

A

Sociology

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11
Q

Pitfalls of studying behaviour

A

Anthropomorphism

Naive sociobiology

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12
Q

Anthropomorphism

A

Naive extrapolation from humans to animals

E.g. smiles in monkeys = fear

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13
Q

Naive sociobiology

A

Extrapolation from animals to humans

E.g. survival of the fittest, nazi Germany

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14
Q

What is animal communication for?

A 
Aggression
Sex
Identity 
Status 
Need
Social information 
Auto-communication (communication with self e.g. bats and echo location)
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15
Q

Communication

A

Passing of information from sender to receiver

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16
Q

Signals

A

Feature of an animals that has evolved specifically to alter the behaviour of receivers

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17
Q

Cues

A

Any feature that can be used by an animals as a guide to future action

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18
Q

Animals senses

A 
Methods by which animals perceive their environment 
E.g. 
vision
Hearing
Touch
Taste
Smell
Electrical 
Magnetic
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19
Q

Eaves dropper

A

Other animal listening in to cues and using them to their advantage e.g. owls listening for mice squeaks to catch them or mice listening in to other mice’s squeaks

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20
Q

How do signals evolve

A
  1. Probably evolved via ritualisation of existing cues

E.g. cues retailing autonomic stimulation: respiration, urination, thermoragulation, pupil dilation, yawning

  1. Ritualisation of cues revealing changes in behaviour
    e. g. intention movements (fight or flight), self-protective movements (scalp retraction), displacement behaviour; interrupting one behaviour with another irrelevant one ( displacement preening in wildfowl mating)
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21
Q

4 ways ritualised signals differ from cues

A
  1. Conspicuousness ( increases detectability)
  2. Redundancy e.g. repetition, multi-modal signals(multiple at once), mutli element signals
  3. Stereotypy = little variation
  4. Alerting components (e.g. shouting)
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22
Q

How does ritualisation aid communication

A 
Increasing costs = ensures honesty
Increases efficacy (efficient transfer of info) 
Increase ability of signals to manipulate receivers (prevents receivers resisting message)
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23
Q

How do animals signal danger

A

Alert
Flee
Attack
Assemble

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24
Q

How may animals communicate with a predator

A

Startle displays
Aposematism = conspicuous warning of unprofitability (visual - will be easily detectable by predator, acoustic, chemical)
pursuit deterrence e.g. mobbing

25
Coding
Signalling identity of certain predator to other animals
26
Behavioural genetics
Interaction between genes and environment
27
What makes a behvaiour evolve
It’s heritability
28
Natural selection of behaviours
1. Variation between individual 2. Variation affects survival 3. Variation is inherited
29
Sexual selection of behaviour
1. Variation between individuals 2. Variation affects reproductive success 3. Variation is inherited
30
Perfect heritability
Behaviour in parents expressed in exactly the same way in offspring
31
How can heritability be tested
Selection experiments
32
Pleiotropic effects
Selective breeding for one characteristic can affect multiple other characteristics e.g. silver fox experiment
33
Mutualism
Positive effect on self and others
34
Altruism
Positive effect on others | Negative effect on self
35
Selfishness
Negative effect on others | Positive effect on self
36
Spitefulness
Negative effect on others and self
37
what is coefficient of relatedness
Genetic similarity of 2 individuals relative to the population as a whole Probability 2 individuals share a gene that is identical by descent (probability sharing a rare allele)
38
Coefficient relatedness of parent and offspring
0.5
39
Coefficient relatedness of siblings
0.5
40
How can animals help to maximise genetic contribution
Helping to rear their siblings | Rearing their own offspring
41
How can a gene maximise its transmission into the next generation? (Richard Dawkins)
Direct fitness | Indirect fitness
42
Direct fitness
Maximising reproductive success of the individual
43
Indirect fitness
Maximising the reproductive success of other individuals who are likely to share copies of your gene
44
Inclusive fitness
Direct fitness + indirect fitness
45
Kin selection
The process by which traits are favoured due to their effects on the fitness of relatives
46
Lifetime inclusive fitness e.g.
Coots will kill portion of offspring to ensure survival of the rest of the chicks
47
Hamiltons rule
Conditions under which altruism spread due to kin selection Altruism favoured if: r*b-c > 0 ``` R = coefficient of relatedness between actor and recipient B = benefit to recipient C = cost to actor ```
48
Extreme altruism
Suicide and sterility in the social insects
49
E.g. of extreme altruism and why
Honey worker bees Suicide = bee stings fatal to the worker bee Sterility = workers rarely reproduce themselves but instead help mother (queen) to produce offspring Males from unfertilised eggs = haploid (all mother genes) Females fertilised eggs = diploid = according to Hamilton’s rule, altruism highly favoured (males highly related to mother and sisters, females highly related to sisters)
50
What are the reasons to cooperate
1. Kin selection 2. By product benefits 3. Reciprocity 4. Enforcement 5. Deception
51
Describe by-product benefits
Cooperation may be best from a selfish perspective e.g. cooperative hunting increases net food intake (May also be done to help others)
52
Describe reciprocity
Net benefits in long term Repeated interactions between individuals e.g mutual grooming E.g. reciprocal feeding of blood meals in vampire bats (full bats regurgitate to hungry bats)
53
E.g. enforcement
Costs of not cooperating/defecting high e.g. punishment in human/primate society
54
E.g. deception
Animals may cooperate by mistake | Manipulation of receivers by signallers e.g. cuckoos deceiving reed warblers
55
Indirect benefits
Benefits the cooperator via benefits to close relations
56
Direct benefits
Benefits the cooperator | At least in the long term
57
Describe spite
Incurring costs to your own reproduction by harming others Spite will be favoured in Hamilton’s rule if Benefit to recipient NEGATIVE Can also occur if r is negative (e.g. relatedness between actor and recipient is less than the population average)
58
E.g. of spiteful behaviour
Parasitic wasps (only definite example in animal world) - Wasp lays 1 male egg and 1 female egg into caterpillar - Eggs divide asexually = larvae - Larvae develop in caterpillar and become either normal wasp or sterile soldiers which kill larvae of opposite sex - Surviving larvae finally hatch out of caterpillar - is high cost to actor (soldiers are sterile and dont become adults) - Soldiers harm those that aren’t that closely related (opposite sex r = 0.25) - strong competition for resources HOWEVER still benefits genetically

Organisms and The Environment (9 decks)

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