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Organisms and The Environment > Animal Behviour (MINI) > Flashcards

Animal Behviour (MINI) Flashcards

1
Q

Tinbergens 4 questions why

A
  1. Causation (mechanisms)
  2. Ontogeny (development)
  3. Function (adaptive advantage)
  4. Phylogeny (evolutionary history)
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2
Q

Ethology

A

Form and function

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3
Q

Neuroethology

A

Neural control of behaviour

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4
Q

Behavioural ecology

A

Behavioural adaptions and selection pressures

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5
Q

Sociobiology

A

Social behaviour

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6
Q

Behavioural genetics

A

Control of behaviour by multiple genes and modifiers of gene expression

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7
Q

Psychology

A

Perception, mental representation, learning etc…

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8
Q

Anthropology

A

Humans and human origins

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9
Q

Evolutionary anthropology

A

Archaeology

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10
Q

Cultural anthropology

A

Sociology

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11
Q

Pitfalls of studying behaviour

A

Anthropomorphism

Naive sociobiology

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12
Q

Anthropomorphism

A

Naive extrapolation from humans to animals

E.g. smiles in monkeys = fear

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13
Q

Naive sociobiology

A

Extrapolation from animals to humans

E.g. survival of the fittest, nazi Germany

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14
Q

What is animal communication for?

A 
Aggression
Sex
Identity 
Status 
Need
Social information 
Auto-communication (communication with self e.g. bats and echo location)
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15
Q

Communication

A

Passing of information from sender to receiver

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16
Q

Signals

A

Feature of an animals that has evolved specifically to alter the behaviour of receivers

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17
Q

Cues

A

Any feature that can be used by an animals as a guide to future action

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18
Q

Animals senses

A 
Methods by which animals perceive their environment 
E.g. 
vision
Hearing
Touch
Taste
Smell
Electrical 
Magnetic
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19
Q

Eaves dropper

A

Other animal listening in to cues and using them to their advantage e.g. owls listening for mice squeaks to catch them or mice listening in to other mice’s squeaks

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20
Q

How do signals evolve

A
  1. Probably evolved via ritualisation of existing cues

E.g. cues retailing autonomic stimulation: respiration, urination, thermoragulation, pupil dilation, yawning

  1. Ritualisation of cues revealing changes in behaviour
    e. g. intention movements (fight or flight), self-protective movements (scalp retraction), displacement behaviour; interrupting one behaviour with another irrelevant one ( displacement preening in wildfowl mating)
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21
Q

4 ways ritualised signals differ from cues

A
  1. Conspicuousness ( increases detectability)
  2. Redundancy e.g. repetition, multi-modal signals(multiple at once), mutli element signals
  3. Stereotypy = little variation
  4. Alerting components (e.g. shouting)
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22
Q

How does ritualisation aid communication

A 
Increasing costs = ensures honesty
Increases efficacy (efficient transfer of info) 
Increase ability of signals to manipulate receivers (prevents receivers resisting message)
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23
Q

How do animals signal danger

A

Alert
Flee
Attack
Assemble

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24
Q

How may animals communicate with a predator

A

Startle displays
Aposematism = conspicuous warning of unprofitability (visual - will be easily detectable by predator, acoustic, chemical)
pursuit deterrence e.g. mobbing

25
Q

Coding

A

Signalling identity of certain predator to other animals

26
Q

Behavioural genetics

A

Interaction between genes and environment

27
Q

What makes a behvaiour evolve

A

It’s heritability

28
Q

Natural selection of behaviours

A
  1. Variation between individual
  2. Variation affects survival
  3. Variation is inherited
29
Q

Sexual selection of behaviour

A
  1. Variation between individuals
  2. Variation affects reproductive success
  3. Variation is inherited
30
Q

Perfect heritability

A

Behaviour in parents expressed in exactly the same way in offspring

31
Q

How can heritability be tested

A

Selection experiments

32
Q

Pleiotropic effects

A

Selective breeding for one characteristic can affect multiple other characteristics e.g. silver fox experiment

33
Q

Mutualism

A

Positive effect on self and others

34
Q

Altruism

A

Positive effect on others

Negative effect on self

35
Q

Selfishness

A

Negative effect on others

Positive effect on self

36
Q

Spitefulness

A

Negative effect on others and self

37
Q

what is coefficient of relatedness

A

Genetic similarity of 2 individuals relative to the population as a whole
Probability 2 individuals share a gene that is identical by descent (probability sharing a rare allele)

38
Q

Coefficient relatedness of parent and offspring

A

0.5

39
Q

Coefficient relatedness of siblings

A

0.5

40
Q

How can animals help to maximise genetic contribution

A

Helping to rear their siblings

Rearing their own offspring

41
Q

How can a gene maximise its transmission into the next generation? (Richard Dawkins)

A

Direct fitness

Indirect fitness

42
Q

Direct fitness

A

Maximising reproductive success of the individual

43
Q

Indirect fitness

A

Maximising the reproductive success of other individuals who are likely to share copies of your gene

44
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

Direct fitness + indirect fitness

45
Q

Kin selection

A

The process by which traits are favoured due to their effects on the fitness of relatives

46
Q

Lifetime inclusive fitness e.g.

A

Coots will kill portion of offspring to ensure survival of the rest of the chicks

47
Q

Hamiltons rule

A

Conditions under which altruism spread due to kin selection

Altruism favoured if:
r*b-c > 0

R = coefficient of relatedness between actor and recipient 
B = benefit to recipient 
C = cost to actor
48
Q

Extreme altruism

A

Suicide and sterility in the social insects

49
Q

E.g. of extreme altruism and why

A

Honey worker bees
Suicide = bee stings fatal to the worker bee
Sterility = workers rarely reproduce themselves but instead help mother (queen) to produce offspring

Males from unfertilised eggs = haploid (all mother genes)
Females fertilised eggs = diploid
= according to Hamilton’s rule, altruism highly favoured (males highly related to mother and sisters, females highly related to sisters)

50
Q

What are the reasons to cooperate

A
  1. Kin selection
  2. By product benefits
  3. Reciprocity
  4. Enforcement
  5. Deception
51
Q

Describe by-product benefits

A

Cooperation may be best from a selfish perspective e.g. cooperative hunting increases net food intake
(May also be done to help others)

52
Q

Describe reciprocity

A

Net benefits in long term
Repeated interactions between individuals
e.g mutual grooming
E.g. reciprocal feeding of blood meals in vampire bats (full bats regurgitate to hungry bats)

53
Q

E.g. enforcement

A

Costs of not cooperating/defecting high e.g. punishment in human/primate society

54
Q

E.g. deception

A

Animals may cooperate by mistake

Manipulation of receivers by signallers e.g. cuckoos deceiving reed warblers

55
Q

Indirect benefits

A

Benefits the cooperator via benefits to close relations

56
Q

Direct benefits

A

Benefits the cooperator

At least in the long term

57
Q

Describe spite

A

Incurring costs to your own reproduction by harming others
Spite will be favoured in Hamilton’s rule if
Benefit to recipient NEGATIVE
Can also occur if r is negative (e.g. relatedness between actor and recipient is less than the population average)

58
Q

E.g. of spiteful behaviour

A

Parasitic wasps (only definite example in animal world)

  • Wasp lays 1 male egg and 1 female egg into caterpillar
  • Eggs divide asexually = larvae
  • Larvae develop in caterpillar and become either normal wasp or sterile soldiers which kill larvae of opposite sex
  • Surviving larvae finally hatch out of caterpillar
  • is high cost to actor (soldiers are sterile and dont become adults)
  • Soldiers harm those that aren’t that closely related (opposite sex r = 0.25)
  • strong competition for resources

HOWEVER still benefits genetically

Organisms and The Environment (9 decks)

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