Parasitology Lecture Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
____________ may cause fatal pneumonia in puppies if mom was infected
A
Roundworm/Toxocara
2
Q
why would we use a tapeworm crush?
A
to examine eggs within the segment of a tapeworm that does not otherwise expel its eggs
3
Q
what are 3 possible paratenic hosts of Toxocara?
A
rodents, rabbits and earthworms
4
Q
Are hookworms zoonotic?
A
Yes; via cutaneous larval migration
5
Q
are hookworms bloodfeeders?
A
yes
6
Q
what two factors decide the clinical signs of Toxocara infection?
A
number of worms & age of host
7
Q
The prepatent period of Dioctophyma is _______ months
A
3-6
8
Q
why is Toxocara a public health concern?
A
because our common household disinfectants do not kill toxocara eggs
9
Q
What is the life cycle of Strongyloides?
A
L3 is infective and ingested or penetrates the skin - migrates through blood - lungs and trachea, coughed up and swallowed - adult female resides in small intestine - deposit eggs and L1 is passed in feces
10
Q
What paratenic host does Pearsonema plica use?
A
earthworm
11
Q
what are cestodes?
A
flatworms that are ribbon-like and segmented into Proglottids behind a Scolex
12
Q
How big do Heartworms get?
A
up to 30 cm
13
Q
how is Toxascaris transmitted?
A
ingestion of egg
14
Q
why is single sex infection of Toxocara a concern?
A
infertile worms make diagnosis by fecal float impossible
15
Q
What are some clinical signs of Whipworm infection?
A
Sometimes one, damage of tissue as blood vessels in severe cases. Can also show severe diarrhea, dehydration, emaciation and death
16
Q
What is an intermediate or secondary host?
A
host in which a parasite passed through as larva or during asexual phases of development
17
Q
What is a suitable treatment for Strongyloides?
A
Ibermectin
18
Q
what is the prepatent period of Whipworms?
A
3 months
19
Q
Can humans get a Toxocara infection(
A
Yes; usually children
20
Q
How is Capillaria hepatica ingested?
A
fecal contaminant or ingestion of infected animal with an infected liver
21
Q
what is a characteristic sign of Toxocara in puppies?
A
pot belly
22
Q
True or false; areas with less bodies of water will have significantly lower cases of Heartworm
A
true because mosquitoes need water to reproduce and therefore transmit heartworm
23
Q
How long are whipworm adults?
A
45-75mm
24
Q
How is Pearsonema plica transmitted?
A
infected urine or ingestion of paratenic host
25
The ________ is the best criteria for distinguishing between microfilariae
shape of head
26
True or false; Dirofilaria can cause cirrhosis in canines
true
27
What Paratenic hosts does Dioctophyma use?
fish and frogs
28
Define larva
immature stage in the life cycle of a parasite; usually between egg and adult
29
What are clinical signs of Dirofilaria in Canine?
cirrhosis, pneumonitis, thrombosis, caval syndrome
30
True or false; Whipworms can only live in the environment for a few weeks
False. It can live for years.
31
Describe the life cycle of Dirofilaria immitis
Adults in pulmonary artery - produce microfilaria (L1) to be passed in blood - carried in blood up to 2 years - picked up by mosquito during blood meal - L3 deposited onto skin in mosquitos saliva during next blood meal - larva enter through bite wound - migrates to thorax L4 - become immature adults (L5) and finish in pulmonary artery, vena cava or right atrium
32
What size do Adult Heartworm get to be?
15-31 cm
33
Dioctophyma uses ______ as an intermediate host
aquatic invertebrates
34
How long can the Microfilaria stage of Heartworm live in the blood?
2 years
35
What is a Trematode?
flatworms with unsegmented, leaf-like bodies
36
what is a characteristic feature of the adult Whipworm?
whip shaped body
37
Liver failure is a direct result of ________ from Heartworm infection
caval syndrome
38
what are two alternative names for a Primary Host?
Definitive host or final host
39
why is Toxascaris of more concern than Toxocara?
it is harder to treat
40
What is the lifecycle of Aleurostrongylus abstrusus?
adults found in bronchioles & alveolar ducts - eggs are laid, develop to larvae, coughed up, swallowed and passed in feces
41
Which parasite is associated with "Puppy Breathe"?
Toxocara/Roundworm
42
What size do Dirofilaria microfilaria get to be?
286-340um
43
What is peculiar about the Strongyloides life cycle?
Once the adult females are in the small intestine, they reproduce parthogenically via mitosis and deposit eggs
44
Hookworms can enter the body through skin penetration. Describe this life cycle.
Dog walks on L3 - larva penetrates foot pads - enters lymphatic system - migrated to heart and through the pulmonary artery moves to the lungs - is coughed up, swallowed and resides in small intestine
45
Is Heartworm more of a concern in cats than it is in dogs?
It is much less common but it's also much more serious. Cats can only handle up to 3 worms before serious problems occur. This is because canines have a proportionately larger heart for their bodies. Treatment is much riskier.
46
How long can Eucoleus aerophilus infections persist?
up to one year
47
How are Oslerus osleri and Filaroides osleri transmitted?
May be transmitted via ingestion of feces or lungs or regurgitated food containing larvae
48
Name the parasites we will be looking at on this test
Roundworm (Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina)
Hookworm (Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala)
Whipworm (Trichuris vulpis)
Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis)
Lungworm (Oslerus osleri, Filaroides osleri)
Pearsonema (Pearsonema plica, Capillaria hepatica, Capillaria annulata)
Kidney worm (Dioctophyma renale)
Threadworm (Strongyloides)
49
What is the unique shape of Ancylostoma?
Shaped like a hook on the end
50
What type of test is recommended for Heartworm?
Antibody tests
51
Give an example of a Cestode
tapeworm
52
Is Eucoleus aerophilus zoonoticv
yes
53
How big are Dioctophyma renale eggs?
75um
54
what is a protozoa
a single celled organism
55
give an example of a Trematode
flukes
56
True or false: During the life cycle of Trichuris vulpis, a whipworm, the eggs hatch within 30 minutes of being ingested and they pass to the large intestine
true
57
How can you tell the difference between Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum Microfilaria?
Dirofilaria; stationary motility (wiggling but don't move), tapered head, much thicker
Dipetalonema; progressive motility, blunt head, much thinner
58
what is the prepatent period?
PPP: time between infection and when laboratory tests can detect the parasite
59
Slugs and snails are very important intermediate hosts of what broad type of parasites
Lungworms
60
True or false; Microfilaria can be found in the bloodstream
True
61
Paragonimus kellicotti uses what intermediate host? What paratenic host?
intermediate host is the aquatic snail
| paratenic host is a crayfish
62
How does Ancylostoma look under the skin?
varicose veins
63
Describe the anatomy of the adult whipworm
The posterior end is thicker than the anterior end. 2/3rds of the length of the body is almost entirely esophagus. Throughout the esophagus there is secretory cells that produce fluids that aid in moving the blood through the body
64
Why would we use a Fecal Smear instead of a Fecal Float?
To see motile forms of Protozoa, usually Giardia. Because it is very small and a fecal float will kill them
65
How long does Dioctophyma renale get?
1 meter
66
Respiratory parasites use what intermediate host?
earthworm
67
What are the two common Respiratory parasites?
Oslerus osleri and Filaroides osleri
68
What species does Aleurostrongylus abstrusus (lungworm) infect?
feline
69
Describe the life cycle of Ancylostoma
- eggs hatch on the ground
- develops into L3 where it becomes infective
- transmitted through skin penetration or ingestion
- develops to L5 in small intestine and attaches to intestinal wall where it fully matures
70
True or false; Strongyloides stercoralis is of the Phylum Nematoda, the Order Rhabditida and the Family Strongyloididae
true
71
What is the treatment of Giant Kidney Worm?
Surgical removal
72
what is a paratenic host?
host that helps spread the parasite at the larval stage without further larval development
73
Why is Preventative care for Heartworm so important?
The treatment is very long, can be painful and is risky. Killing all of the Heartworm adults too quickly causes them to clog the holes in the Heart causing embolism and death.
74
What are the clinical signs of Dioctophyma infection)? Why does this make it hard to diagnose?
Vague abdominal pain is the only presenting sign in canines; this can be difficult to diagnose due to the number of conditions that cause abdominal pain
75
What is Cercaria?
a larval stage in which a parasite passes from the intermediate host (snail) to a paratenic host (crayfish) or the final host (dog)
76
Development of Euculeus aeropholus (lungworms) takes _____ days and occurs in the ______ of the final host
40 days
| intestine
77
How is a Hookworm able to penetrate the skin when a Roundworm cannot?
It is significantly smaller
78
Which species of Pearsonema (Capillaria) causes cirrhosis?
Capillaries hepatica
79
Are whipworms bloodfeeders?
yes
80
What is the unique feature of Strongyloides when it comes to reproduction?
They can reproduce both sexually and parthogenically (no male participation)
81
What is the life cycle of Ancylostoma?
Non infective eggs pass to ground in feces - L1 hatches from egg on ground - L2 - L3 (infective stage)
82
give an example of a Nematode
roundworm
83
What type of dog are Respiratory parasites most common in?
greyhounds or racing dogs
84
what is the difference between a vector and a fomite?
vector is an animal that transmits the organism of disease (like an intermediate host)
fomite is an inanimate object that spreads disease such as a doorknob
85
What do mosquitos need to live in a specific area?
Bodies of water
86
What is Caval syndrome as it relates to Heartworm?
Manifestation of Heartworm occurring in the right side of the heart that intertwine around and pass through Tricuspid valve (associated with number of worms)
87
what is a common Brand Name of a drug used to treat Toxocara?
Strongid
88
What is Miracidium?
a larval stage in which a parasite passes from the egg to its intermediate host (snail)
89
Capillara annulata is also known as the _________ worm. Why?
The Crop Worm. It is often found in the crop of birds
90
Define Endoparasites
Internal parasites
91
How is Dirofilaria transmitted?
mosquito
92
True or false; Heartworm adults can only be found in the heart
False; they can be found in the lungs
93
What are 3 conditions that increase the chance of a Heartworm infection?
- dogs outdoors a lot especially at dusk and dawn
- living in areas with large mosquito population
- living in areas with warm temperatures
94
What are some examples of medications you might use for Heartworm prevention?
Ivermectin "Heartgard"
Milbemycon "Sentinel"
Moxidextin "Revolution"
95
What is the public health concern of Strongyloides?
It is very rare in humans but very serious because it can persist for decades or longer
96
Aleurostrongylus abstrusus uses what intermediate host? what paratenic host might is use?
Slugs and snails
| Might use mice and birds as a paratenic host
97
What are two clinical conditions caused by respiratory parasites?
Bronchitis & tracheitis
98
Adult Dioctophyma renale can live for up to _________
5 years
99
The older the dog the more likely _________ migration of Ancylostoma will occur
somatic
100
What are clinical signs of Dirofilaria in Feline?
Respiratory distress, vomiting, weight loss
101
How can you tell the difference between the male and female adult Heartworm and Whipworm?
males have a coiled tail
102
True or false; Microfilaria are injected into the body by infected mosquitos during a blood meal
False; they are deposited onto the skin during the bloodmeal and they migrate into the body through the bite wound
103
Define Ectoparasites
External parasites
104
During what life stage is the only stage that Whipworms are infective?
larval
105
What is a characteristic feature of the Ancylostoma adult?
6 large teeth
106
how is roundworm transmitted?
direct transmission; ingestion of egg or ingestion of paratenic host
107
Pearsonema usually develops as an infection of the __________
bladder
108
Where does Dioctophyma renale reside?
usually right kidney but could be both kidneys
109
What is a good Heartworm medication for preventative care?
Revolution
110
What is the common name for Strongyloides?
Threadworm (less commonly Pinworm)
111
True or false; dioctophyma eggs are always found in the urine
false; only if the worm has found its way into the kidney
112
Symptoms of a whipworm infestation mimic the symptoms of what disease?
Addison's disease
