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Microbiology > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Protozoa

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

A

Subphylum Mastigophora- include flagellated protozoa: Giardia lamblia, Leishmania species, Trichomonas vaginalis, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma cruzi
Subphylum Sarcodina- move by means of pseudopodia: Entamoeba histolitica

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2
Q

Protozoa

Phylum Ciliophora

A

Cilia- completely covers organism, found near oral cavity and helps propel food into opening (cytosine)
Balantidium coli: ulcers in intestines

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3
Q

Protozoa
Phylum Apicomplexa
(Sporozoa)

A

Flagella- Plasmodium species (Malaria), Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis), Cryptosporidium parvum (Cryptosporidiosis)

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4
Q

Protozoa

Phylum Microspora

A

Polar filament- Microsporidium (Diarrhea): intracellular protozoan infection of immune compromised individuals

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5
Q

Leishmaniasis

A

Zoonotic protozoa carried by sandfly
Promastigote (flagellated motile form) invades phagocytic cells (macrophages) and transforms into nonmotile amastigote- multiplies within phagocytic cells in the lymph node, spleen, liver, and bone marrow

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6
Q

Leishmaniasis tropica and mexicana

A

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Skin ulcer at site of bite following activation of intact CMI
Nodular lesions diffuse due to inactive CMI response
Untreated, lasts for years

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7
Q

Leishmaniasis braziliensis

A

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

Initial dermal ulceration heals but appear in mucous membranes of nose and mouth

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8
Q

Leishmaniasis donovani

A

Visceral Leishmaniasis -Kala-azar
Common in young, malnourished children
Fever, anorexia, weight loss and abdominal swelling (hepatomegaly and splenomegaly) due to invasion of fixed reticule endothelial cells (fixed phagocytic cells) of organs

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9
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

A

African Sleeping Sickness
Tsetse fly
Trypomastigote (flagellated motile form) spreads via bloodstream to lymph nodes and CNS
2-weeks healed skin ulcer, fever, headache, dizziness and lymph node swelling
Intermittent fever due to variable surface glycoprotein(VSG)
CNS symptoms develop (drowsiness)

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10
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

A

West African Sleeping Sickness

Slowly progressing symptoms

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11
Q

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

A

East African Sleeping Sickness

More severe, death within weeks

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12
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Triatomine bug
Chagas Disease
Trypomastigotes tunnel in, transform human host into amastigote which invades skin, macrophages, lymph nodes, and spreads in blood to distant organs (heart, CNS); hard, red area at entry
Disease phages:
Acute- fever, malaise, swollen lymph nodes, meningoencephalitis, acute myocarditis
Intermediate- low level of parasites in blood and positive antibody responses, no symptoms
Chronic- organs and hollow organs (colon & esophagus) affected

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13
Q

Plasmodium

A

Malaria
Anopheles Mosquito
Periodic episodes of high fever, shaking chills (paroxysms), profuse sweating (red blood cells burst and release merozoites)

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14
Q

Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale

A

Tertian Malaria

Every 48hrs

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15
Q

Plasmodium Malaria

A

Quartan Malaria

Every 72hrs

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16
Q

Plasmodium Falciparum

A

Most common and deadly malaria

Irregular episodes

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17
Q

Toxoplasmosis gondii

A

Life cycle: Intestinal (cats only) and Extraintestinal
Transmission by oocysts (cat feces) or bradyzoites (raw or uncooked meat) or transplacental transmission
Problem in immunocompromised- Toxoplasma encephalitis

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18
Q

Giardia lamblia (Mastigophora)

A

Giardiasis disease
Ingestion of cyst in fecally contaminated food/water, contaminated streams (chlorination doesn’t kill but boiling/filtering does), day care centers and mental hospitals
Clinical findings: trophozoite adheres to small, intestinal wall via sucking disk and interferes with fat absorption, non-bloody, foul diarrhea, nausea, anorexia, flatulence and abdominal cramps

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19
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum/hominis

A

Transmitted via oocytes ingestion in fecally contaminated water, short term diarrhea, chronic watery diarrhea, important opportunistic infection and common in US

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20
Q

Isospora belli

A

Rare but seen in increasing number of AIDS patients, transmitted fecal-oral route, chronic watery diarrhea and malabsorption in immune-compromised
Mild in normal individuals

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21
Q

Balantidium coli

A

Primarily horses, cows and pigs
Humans infected by ingesting cysts in food (pork) or fecally contaminated water
Ulcers produced in large intestines, persistent diarrhea, occasional dysentery, abdominal pain and weight loss

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22
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

Diarrhea from mild asymptomatic disease to severe dysentery
Invades intestinal mucosa causing erosions (10% infected)
May penetrate portal blood circulation forming abscesses in liver, lung and often resulting in death

23
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Sexually transmitted (female vagina/male urethra)
Transmitted via trophozoite (no cyst stage)
Asymptomatic males/females
But heavily infected women may have itching, burning on urination, white, frothy, malodorous discharge
Highly motile visible in discharge

24
Q

Naegleria fowleri

A

Free-living amoeba
Fresh water (lakes), thermal discharge of power plants, heated swimming pools (not chlorinated and maintained), hydrotherapy, aquariums, sewage
Enters nose and travels to brain and spinal cord
Cause primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) and brain inflammation
Patients with fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomitting

25
Q

Acanthamoeba

A

Free living amoeba

Live in fresh water lakes, soils, air, sewers, drinking water systems

26
Q

Acanthamoeba keratitis

A

Eye infection that leads to permanent visual impairment or blindness

27
Q

Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)

A

Infection of brain and spinal cord that typically occurs in those with compromised immune system

28
Q

Disseminated infection

A

Infection that affects skin, sinuses, lungs, and other organs and more common with immunocompromised

29
Q

Mechanical Vector

A

Arthropod

Mechanically transports microbe from one place to another

30
Q

Biological Vector

A

Arthropod

Essential part of life cycle

31
Q

Togavirus

A

Arthropod: Mosquito (Culex species)

Equine encephalitis- fever, convulsions, nausea and coma

32
Q

Flavivirus

A

Arthropod: Mosquito (Aedes aegypt)

Yellow fever- fever, vomitting, bleeding, jaundice

33
Q

Yersinia pestis

A

Arthropod: Flea (Xenopsylla cheopis)

Plague- fever, headache, confusion, enlarged lymph nodes, hemorrhage

34
Q

Rickettsia Prowazekki

A

Arthropod: Louse (Pediculus humanus)

Typhus- fever, hemorrhage, rash, confusion

35
Q

Rickettsia Rickettsii

A

Arthropod: Tick (Dermacentor species)

Rocky Mountain Spotted fever- fever, hemorrhagic rash, confusion

36
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

A 
Nematodes (round worms)
Pinworms
Enterobiasis- anal itching, restlessness, irritability, nervousness and poor sleep
Most common in North America and Europe
Eggs detected with "Scotch Tape" test 
Worms detected with flashlight
37
Q

Trichuris trichiuria

A

Nematodes (round worms)
Whipworms
Trichuriasis- abdominal pain, bloody stools, weight loss
Anterior ends embedded into cells that line large intestine
Diagnosed by eggs in feces

38
Q

Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale

A 
Nematodes (round worms)
Hookworms
Hookworm disease- anemia, weakness, fatigue, physical and mental retardation in children
Diagnosis upon eggs in feces
Cutting plates that allow attachement
39
Q

Stronglyoides stercoralis

A

Nematodes (round worms)
Threadworm
Strongyloidiasis- skin rash at set of penetration, cough, abdominal pains and weight loss

40
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Nematodes (round worms)
Ascaria
Ascariasis- abdominal pain, live worms vomitted or passed in stools
Most common (25% world)

41
Q

Trichinella spiralis

A

Nematodes (round worms)
Trichinella
Trichinellosis- fever, swelling of upper eyelids muscle soreness

42
Q

Brugia malayi

A 
Nematodes (round worms)
Threadlike- family: Filarioidea
Filaria
Filariasis- fever, swelling of lymph glands, genitals and extremities
Spread by bite of an arthropod
43
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

A

Cestodes (tapeworms)
Fish tapeworm
Tapeworm disease- few or no symptoms, sometimes anemia

44
Q

Taenia saginata

A

Cestodes (tapeworms)
Beef tapeworm
Tapeworm disease- few or no symptoms, sometimes anemia

45
Q

Taenia solium

A

Cestodes (tapeworms)
Pork tapeworm
Cysticercosis- variable symptoms depending on location and number of eggs that form larval cysts (cysticerci) in the body

46
Q

Schistosoma mansoni

A

Trematodes (flukes)
Cercaria- penetrate human skin and travel through bloodstream
Schistosomiasis- liver damage, malnutrition, weakness and accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity
Adult worms display molecular mimicry
Diagnosed by eggs in urine

47
Q

Cercaria of birds and other animals

A

Trematodes (flukes)

Swimmer’s itch- inflammation of the skin, itching

48
Q

Toxocara canis/ Toxocara catti

A

Nematodes (round worms)
Hookworms
Visceral Larva Migrans
Hookworms eggs swallowed and hatch in intestine, penetrate mucosa and enter circulation

49
Q

Ancylostoma braziliensis

A

Nematodes (round worms)
Hookworms
Cutaneous Larva Migrans, creeping eruption
Tropical, subtropical countries and US
Flariform larvae in animal feces can infect humans

50
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

A

Guinea worm
Liberates toxic substance in skin that produces local inflammatory reaction in form of sterile blister; contaminating blister produces abscesses, cellulitis, extensive ulceration, and necrosis

51
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti

A

Nematodes (round worms)
Threadlike- family: Filarioidea
Filaria
Filariasis- fever, swelling of lymph glands, genitals and extremities
Spread by bite of an arthropod
Elephantiasis: transmitted bite of an infected mosquito, mature into adults in lymphatics and lymph nodes of genitals and lower extremities

52
Q

Onchocerca volvulus

A 
Nematodes (round worms)
Threadlike- family: Filarioidea
Filaria
Filariasis- fever, swelling of lymph glands, genitals and extremities
Spread by bite of an arthropod
River blindness
Vector is female black fly
Nodular and erythematous lesions in the skin and subcutaneous tissue due to chronic inflammatory response to persistent worm infection
53
Q

Loa loa (eye worm)

A

Nematodes (round worms)
Threadlike- family: Filarioidea
Filaria
Filariasis- fever, swelling of lymph glands, genitals and extremities
Spread by bite of an arthropod
Vector is the deer fly
Fugitive or Calabar swelling, 4-7days and then worm moves an inch/2min

Microbiology (5 decks)

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