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Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Protozoa

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

A

Subphylum Mastigophora- include flagellated protozoa: Giardia lamblia, Leishmania species, Trichomonas vaginalis, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma cruzi
Subphylum Sarcodina- move by means of pseudopodia: Entamoeba histolitica

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2
Q

Protozoa

Phylum Ciliophora

A

Cilia- completely covers organism, found near oral cavity and helps propel food into opening (cytosine)
Balantidium coli: ulcers in intestines

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3
Q

Protozoa
Phylum Apicomplexa
(Sporozoa)

A

Flagella- Plasmodium species (Malaria), Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis), Cryptosporidium parvum (Cryptosporidiosis)

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4
Q

Protozoa

Phylum Microspora

A

Polar filament- Microsporidium (Diarrhea): intracellular protozoan infection of immune compromised individuals

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5
Q

Leishmaniasis

A

Zoonotic protozoa carried by sandfly
Promastigote (flagellated motile form) invades phagocytic cells (macrophages) and transforms into nonmotile amastigote- multiplies within phagocytic cells in the lymph node, spleen, liver, and bone marrow

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6
Q

Leishmaniasis tropica and mexicana

A

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Skin ulcer at site of bite following activation of intact CMI
Nodular lesions diffuse due to inactive CMI response
Untreated, lasts for years

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7
Q

Leishmaniasis braziliensis

A

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

Initial dermal ulceration heals but appear in mucous membranes of nose and mouth

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8
Q

Leishmaniasis donovani

A

Visceral Leishmaniasis -Kala-azar
Common in young, malnourished children
Fever, anorexia, weight loss and abdominal swelling (hepatomegaly and splenomegaly) due to invasion of fixed reticule endothelial cells (fixed phagocytic cells) of organs

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9
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

A

African Sleeping Sickness
Tsetse fly
Trypomastigote (flagellated motile form) spreads via bloodstream to lymph nodes and CNS
2-weeks healed skin ulcer, fever, headache, dizziness and lymph node swelling
Intermittent fever due to variable surface glycoprotein(VSG)
CNS symptoms develop (drowsiness)

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10
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

A

West African Sleeping Sickness

Slowly progressing symptoms

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11
Q

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

A

East African Sleeping Sickness

More severe, death within weeks

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12
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Triatomine bug
Chagas Disease
Trypomastigotes tunnel in, transform human host into amastigote which invades skin, macrophages, lymph nodes, and spreads in blood to distant organs (heart, CNS); hard, red area at entry
Disease phages:
Acute- fever, malaise, swollen lymph nodes, meningoencephalitis, acute myocarditis
Intermediate- low level of parasites in blood and positive antibody responses, no symptoms
Chronic- organs and hollow organs (colon & esophagus) affected

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13
Q

Plasmodium

A

Malaria
Anopheles Mosquito
Periodic episodes of high fever, shaking chills (paroxysms), profuse sweating (red blood cells burst and release merozoites)

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14
Q

Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale

A

Tertian Malaria

Every 48hrs

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15
Q

Plasmodium Malaria

A

Quartan Malaria

Every 72hrs

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16
Q

Plasmodium Falciparum

A

Most common and deadly malaria

Irregular episodes

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17
Q

Toxoplasmosis gondii

A

Life cycle: Intestinal (cats only) and Extraintestinal
Transmission by oocysts (cat feces) or bradyzoites (raw or uncooked meat) or transplacental transmission
Problem in immunocompromised- Toxoplasma encephalitis

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18
Q

Giardia lamblia (Mastigophora)

A

Giardiasis disease
Ingestion of cyst in fecally contaminated food/water, contaminated streams (chlorination doesn’t kill but boiling/filtering does), day care centers and mental hospitals
Clinical findings: trophozoite adheres to small, intestinal wall via sucking disk and interferes with fat absorption, non-bloody, foul diarrhea, nausea, anorexia, flatulence and abdominal cramps

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19
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum/hominis

A

Transmitted via oocytes ingestion in fecally contaminated water, short term diarrhea, chronic watery diarrhea, important opportunistic infection and common in US

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20
Q

Isospora belli

A

Rare but seen in increasing number of AIDS patients, transmitted fecal-oral route, chronic watery diarrhea and malabsorption in immune-compromised
Mild in normal individuals

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21
Q

Balantidium coli

A

Primarily horses, cows and pigs
Humans infected by ingesting cysts in food (pork) or fecally contaminated water
Ulcers produced in large intestines, persistent diarrhea, occasional dysentery, abdominal pain and weight loss

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22
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

Diarrhea from mild asymptomatic disease to severe dysentery
Invades intestinal mucosa causing erosions (10% infected)
May penetrate portal blood circulation forming abscesses in liver, lung and often resulting in death

23
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Sexually transmitted (female vagina/male urethra)
Transmitted via trophozoite (no cyst stage)
Asymptomatic males/females
But heavily infected women may have itching, burning on urination, white, frothy, malodorous discharge
Highly motile visible in discharge

24
Q

Naegleria fowleri

A

Free-living amoeba
Fresh water (lakes), thermal discharge of power plants, heated swimming pools (not chlorinated and maintained), hydrotherapy, aquariums, sewage
Enters nose and travels to brain and spinal cord
Cause primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) and brain inflammation
Patients with fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomitting

25
Acanthamoeba
Free living amoeba | Live in fresh water lakes, soils, air, sewers, drinking water systems
26
Acanthamoeba keratitis
Eye infection that leads to permanent visual impairment or blindness
27
Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)
Infection of brain and spinal cord that typically occurs in those with compromised immune system
28
Disseminated infection
Infection that affects skin, sinuses, lungs, and other organs and more common with immunocompromised
29
Mechanical Vector
Arthropod | Mechanically transports microbe from one place to another
30
Biological Vector
Arthropod | Essential part of life cycle
31
Togavirus
Arthropod: Mosquito (Culex species) | Equine encephalitis- fever, convulsions, nausea and coma
32
Flavivirus
Arthropod: Mosquito (Aedes aegypt) | Yellow fever- fever, vomitting, bleeding, jaundice
33
Yersinia pestis
Arthropod: Flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) | Plague- fever, headache, confusion, enlarged lymph nodes, hemorrhage
34
Rickettsia Prowazekki
Arthropod: Louse (Pediculus humanus) | Typhus- fever, hemorrhage, rash, confusion
35
Rickettsia Rickettsii
Arthropod: Tick (Dermacentor species) | Rocky Mountain Spotted fever- fever, hemorrhagic rash, confusion
36
Enterobius vermicularis
``` Nematodes (round worms) Pinworms Enterobiasis- anal itching, restlessness, irritability, nervousness and poor sleep Most common in North America and Europe Eggs detected with "Scotch Tape" test Worms detected with flashlight ```
37
Trichuris trichiuria
Nematodes (round worms) Whipworms Trichuriasis- abdominal pain, bloody stools, weight loss Anterior ends embedded into cells that line large intestine Diagnosed by eggs in feces
38
Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale
``` Nematodes (round worms) Hookworms Hookworm disease- anemia, weakness, fatigue, physical and mental retardation in children Diagnosis upon eggs in feces Cutting plates that allow attachement ```
39
Stronglyoides stercoralis
Nematodes (round worms) Threadworm Strongyloidiasis- skin rash at set of penetration, cough, abdominal pains and weight loss
40
Ascaris lumbricoides
Nematodes (round worms) Ascaria Ascariasis- abdominal pain, live worms vomitted or passed in stools Most common (25% world)
41
Trichinella spiralis
Nematodes (round worms) Trichinella Trichinellosis- fever, swelling of upper eyelids muscle soreness
42
Brugia malayi
``` Nematodes (round worms) Threadlike- family: Filarioidea Filaria Filariasis- fever, swelling of lymph glands, genitals and extremities Spread by bite of an arthropod ```
43
Diphyllobothrium latum
Cestodes (tapeworms) Fish tapeworm Tapeworm disease- few or no symptoms, sometimes anemia
44
Taenia saginata
Cestodes (tapeworms) Beef tapeworm Tapeworm disease- few or no symptoms, sometimes anemia
45
Taenia solium
Cestodes (tapeworms) Pork tapeworm Cysticercosis- variable symptoms depending on location and number of eggs that form larval cysts (cysticerci) in the body
46
Schistosoma mansoni
Trematodes (flukes) Cercaria- penetrate human skin and travel through bloodstream Schistosomiasis- liver damage, malnutrition, weakness and accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity Adult worms display molecular mimicry Diagnosed by eggs in urine
47
Cercaria of birds and other animals
Trematodes (flukes) | Swimmer's itch- inflammation of the skin, itching
48
Toxocara canis/ Toxocara catti
Nematodes (round worms) Hookworms Visceral Larva Migrans Hookworms eggs swallowed and hatch in intestine, penetrate mucosa and enter circulation
49
Ancylostoma braziliensis
Nematodes (round worms) Hookworms Cutaneous Larva Migrans, creeping eruption Tropical, subtropical countries and US Flariform larvae in animal feces can infect humans
50
Dracunculus medinensis
Guinea worm Liberates toxic substance in skin that produces local inflammatory reaction in form of sterile blister; contaminating blister produces abscesses, cellulitis, extensive ulceration, and necrosis
51
Wuchereria bancrofti
Nematodes (round worms) Threadlike- family: Filarioidea Filaria Filariasis- fever, swelling of lymph glands, genitals and extremities Spread by bite of an arthropod Elephantiasis: transmitted bite of an infected mosquito, mature into adults in lymphatics and lymph nodes of genitals and lower extremities
52
Onchocerca volvulus
``` Nematodes (round worms) Threadlike- family: Filarioidea Filaria Filariasis- fever, swelling of lymph glands, genitals and extremities Spread by bite of an arthropod River blindness Vector is female black fly Nodular and erythematous lesions in the skin and subcutaneous tissue due to chronic inflammatory response to persistent worm infection ```
53
Loa loa (eye worm)
Nematodes (round worms) Threadlike- family: Filarioidea Filaria Filariasis- fever, swelling of lymph glands, genitals and extremities Spread by bite of an arthropod Vector is the deer fly Fugitive or Calabar swelling, 4-7days and then worm moves an inch/2min

Microbiology (5 decks)

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