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PMLS FINALS > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

organism completely depending on another
organism (host) for shelter and nourishment.

A

parasite

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2
Q

Medically important parasites, at least those that are commonly isolated, are classified into
two:

A

(a) protozoans
(b) helminths.

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3
Q

-Eukaryotic, unicellular non-photosynthetic organism
-Belong to Kingdom Protista, Domain Eukarya

A

Protozoans

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4
Q

Utilizes pseudopods (false feet) for locomotion

A

Amoeba

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5
Q

Example of Amoeba

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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6
Q

Equipped with whip-like structures which aid the
parasite in locomotion

A

Flagellates

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7
Q

Example of flagellates

A

Giardia lamblia

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8
Q

Utilizes hair-like structures for locomotion

A

Ciliates

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9
Q

Example of Ciliates

A

Balantidium coli

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10
Q

Motile but do not have special organs for locomotion

A

Sporozoans/ Coccidians

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11
Q

example of Sporozoans/ Coccidians

A

Plasmodium species

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12
Q

include nematodes, cestodes, trematodes

A

Helminths (Parasitic Worms)

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13
Q

Also called the roundworms

A

Nematodes

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14
Q

Giant Intestinal Roundworm

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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15
Q

(Whipworm)

A

Trichuris trichiura

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16
Q

Human Hookworms

A

a. Ancylostoma duodenale
b. Necator americanus

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17
Q

(Old world hookworm)

A

Ancylostoma duodenale

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18
Q

(New world hookworm)

A

Necator americanus

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19
Q

(Threadworm)

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

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20
Q

(Pinworm, Seatworm)

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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21
Q

Also called tapeworms

A

Cestodes

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22
Q

(pork tapeworm)

A

Taenia solium

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23
Q

(beef tapeworm)

A

Taenia saginata

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24
Q

(Fish broad tapeworm)

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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25
Q

Also called the flukes

A

Trematodes

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26
Q

Monoecious flukes

A

a. Fasciola hepatica (Sheep liver fluke)
b. Paragonimus westermani (Lung Fluke)

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27
Q

(Sheep liver fluke)

A

Fasciola hepatica

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28
Q

(Lung Fluke)

A

Paragonimus westermani

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29
Q

Dioecious flukes

A

Blood flukes

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30
Q

Blood flukes:

A

i. Schistosoma japonicum
ii. Schistosoma mansoni
iii. Schistosoma haematobium`

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31
Q

Described “fiery serpents” which is most likely Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm)

A

Bible

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32
Q

Contains the first written records of intestinal worms that were confirmed by the discovery of calcified helminth eggs in mummies dating from 1200 BC

A

Ebers Papyrus

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33
Q

appears as the nature of infection with Dracunculus medinensis and techniques
for removing the worm

A

aat

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34
Q

possibly Hookworm infection

A

aaa

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35
Q

Gave detailed description of aaa among ancient
Egyptians

A

Ebers Papyrus

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36
Q

Described worms from fishes, domesticated animals, and humans

A

Hippocrates

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37
Q

Were familiar with Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis and tapeworms
belonging to genus Taenia

A

Roman physicians Celsus and Galen

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38
Q

Clearly described Ascaris, Enterobius, and tapeworms; Also gave good clinical
descriptions of their respective infections

A

Paulus Aegineta

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39
Q

Arabic physician who recognized the guinea worm, Dracunculus medinensis

A

Avicenna

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40
Q

Father of Taxonomy

A

Carolus Linnaeus

41
Q

name the six helminth worms

A

 Ascaris lumbricoides
 Ascaris vermicularis (now Enterobius vermicularis)
 Gordius medinensis (now Dracunculus medinensis)
 Fasciola hepatica
 Taenia solium
 Taenia lata (now Diphyllobothrium latum)

42
Q

Discovered Giardia lamblia

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

43
Q

the first parasitic protozoan in humans

A

Giardia lamblia

44
Q

Discovery of Entamoeba histolytica

A

Friedrich Losch/ Fedor Lesh

45
Q

the causative agent of amoebiasis

A

Entamoeba histolytica,

46
Q

Identified Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

A

Everett Dutton

47
Q

causes chronic sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

48
Q

Identified Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

A

J.W.W Stephens & Harold Fantham

49
Q

causes acute sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

50
Q

Discovered that malaria is caused by
protozoans known as the Plasmodium species

A

Alphonse (Charles) Laveran

51
Q

Discovered that mosquitoes can transmit can transmit malaria to birds,

A

Ronald Ross (1897)

52
Q

Gave the first detailed anatomy of A. lumbricoides

A

Edward Tyson

53
Q

Gave another detailed description of A. lumbricoides

A

Francesco Redi:

54
Q

marked the beginnings of the subdiscipline of
helminthology, which reached a peak in the 19th century

A

Tyson and Redi

55
Q

Demonstrated that ingestion of eggs of A.
lumbricoides as correct mode of transmission

A

Casimir Joseph Davaine (1862)

56
Q

Validated Davaine’s work; Infected himself with
eggs of A. lumbricoides & subsequently found eggs in his feces

A

Giovanni Battista Grassi

57
Q
  • Discovered the life cycle of A. lumbricoides including the migration of larval stages around the body
  • Infected a volunteer and himself; Subsequently found large numbers of larvae in his sputum
A

Shimesu Koino (1922)

58
Q

term used to describe’ to describe the greenish
pallor associated with Hookworm infection

A

Egyptian chlorosis

59
Q

Found hookworms in a human patient

A

Angelo Dubini (1838)

60
Q

Established the association between Hookworm
infection and the (then) unknown disease characterized by anemia, greenish yellow pallor and laziness

A

Wilhelm Griesinger

61
Q

Established the real connection between pallor and Hookworm infection while investigating the diseases of miners in the St. Gothard tunnel

A

Edoardo Perroncito (1879)

62
Q

“Hookworm & Strongyloides stercoralis larvae enter the body by boring through the skin”

A

Arthur Looss (End of 19th century)

63
Q

Accidentally infected himself with the hookworm larvae

A

Arthur Looss (End of 19th century)

64
Q

Deliberately placed S. stercoralis on his skin; Found larvae in his feces 64 days later

A

Arthur Looss (End of 19th century)

65
Q

Discovered T. spiralis worm in humans

A

James Paget (1835):

66
Q

Discovery of the adult worms of T. spiralis

A

Rudolf Virchow (1859) and Friedrich Zenker (1860)

67
Q

Recognized the clinical significance of infection;
Concluded that infections come from eating raw and improperly cooked pork

A

Friedrich Zenker (1860)

68
Q

Scientific observations on the tapeworms of humans, dogs, and other animals

A

Edward Tyson (Late 17th century):

69
Q

Recognize the “head” (scolex) of a tapeworm

A

Edward Tyson (Late 17th century)

70
Q

First to state that intermediate hosts are involved in the life cycles of Taenia

A

Johann Goeze (1784)

71
Q

involved in the life cycles of Taenia

A

intermediate hosts

72
Q

resembles cysts in the muscle of pigs

A

scolices

73
Q

Recognized the difference between Taenia
solium (pork tapeworm) and Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)

A

Friedrich Heinrich Kuchenmeister

74
Q

fed pig meat containing Taenia solium to criminals condemned to death and recovered adult tapeworms after they had been executed

A

Friedrich Heinrich Kuchenmeister

75
Q

Confirmed that eating “measly” beef causes tapeworm infections

A

Edoardo Perroncito (1877)

76
Q

Observation of Color
Observation of Stool Consistency

A

ROUTINE FECALYSIS
Macroscopic Examination

77
Q

Normal color of stool

A

Light to dark brown

78
Q

Passage of black , tarry stools are called as

A

melena

79
Q

Causes of black, tarry stools

A

-Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding (esophagus, stomach, duodenum)
-Ingestion of iron, charcoal, or bismuth

80
Q

Passage of stools with fresh blood due to lower
gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is called as

A

hematochezia

81
Q

Causes of a bright red stools

A

-Lower GI bleeding (colon, rectum)
-Medications such as Rifampin and foods including beets

82
Q

caused by blockage of bile duct or use of barium sulfate

A

Pale/ Chalky stools

83
Q

observed in patients taking oral antibiotics and
increased intake of green vegetables or food coloring

A

Green stools

84
Q

caused by ingestion of milk diet, corn meal, rhubarb and fats

A

Yellow stools

85
Q

normal consistency of stool

A

Soft to well-formed

86
Q

Observation of Stool Consistency

A

-Watery consistency
-Soft consistency
-Semi-formed consistency
-Formed consistency

87
Q

normal quantity of stool

A

100 -250 grams/ day

88
Q

normal odor of stool

A

Foul to Offensive

89
Q

normal ph of stool

A

7.0-8.0

90
Q

Necessary to identify helminth eggs and larvae as well as protozoans

A

Microscopic Examination

91
Q

fecalysis Routine microscopic examination

A

Direct Fecal Smear

92
Q

aspirated and transferred onto a glass slide during saline wet mount

A

normal saline solution (NSS)

93
Q

used to acquire a representative portion of the fecal sample

A

clean wooden applicator stick

94
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

For watery stool samples, the sample itself is directly used and is not mixed with NSS.

A

True

95
Q

solution used in iodine wet mount

A

iodine (Lugol’s iodine)

96
Q

Best in highlighting details of protozoan cysts, thus, it may aid in correct identification

A

Iodine wet mount

97
Q

Most frequently performed fecal chemical examination

A

Fecal Occult (Hidden) Blood Testing (FOBT)

98
Q

Used to detect “occult” or “hidden” blood

A

Fecal Occult (Hidden) Blood Testing (FOBT)

99
Q

mass screening procedure for the early detection of colorectal cancer

A

Fecal Occult (Hidden) Blood Testing (FOBT)

PMLS FINALS (3 decks)

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