Parasitology Flashcards
1
Q
organism completely depending on another
organism (host) for shelter and nourishment.
A
parasite
2
Q
Medically important parasites, at least those that are commonly isolated, are classified into
two:
A
(a) protozoans
(b) helminths.
3
Q
-Eukaryotic, unicellular non-photosynthetic organism
-Belong to Kingdom Protista, Domain Eukarya
A
Protozoans
4
Q
Utilizes pseudopods (false feet) for locomotion
A
Amoeba
5
Q
Example of Amoeba
A
Entamoeba histolytica
6
Q
Equipped with whip-like structures which aid the
parasite in locomotion
A
Flagellates
7
Q
Example of flagellates
A
Giardia lamblia
8
Q
Utilizes hair-like structures for locomotion
A
Ciliates
9
Q
Example of Ciliates
A
Balantidium coli
10
Q
Motile but do not have special organs for locomotion
A
Sporozoans/ Coccidians
11
Q
example of Sporozoans/ Coccidians
A
Plasmodium species
12
Q
include nematodes, cestodes, trematodes
A
Helminths (Parasitic Worms)
13
Q
Also called the roundworms
A
Nematodes
14
Q
Giant Intestinal Roundworm
A
Ascaris lumbricoides
15
Q
(Whipworm)
A
Trichuris trichiura
16
Q
Human Hookworms
A
a. Ancylostoma duodenale
b. Necator americanus
17
Q
(Old world hookworm)
A
Ancylostoma duodenale
18
Q
(New world hookworm)
A
Necator americanus
19
Q
(Threadworm)
A
Strongyloides stercoralis
20
Q
(Pinworm, Seatworm)
A
Enterobius vermicularis
21
Q
Also called tapeworms
A
Cestodes
22
Q
(pork tapeworm)
A
Taenia solium
23
Q
(beef tapeworm)
A
Taenia saginata
24
Q
(Fish broad tapeworm)
A
Diphyllobothrium latum
25
Also called the flukes
Trematodes
26
Monoecious flukes
a. Fasciola hepatica (Sheep liver fluke)
b. Paragonimus westermani (Lung Fluke)
27
(Sheep liver fluke)
Fasciola hepatica
28
(Lung Fluke)
Paragonimus westermani
29
Dioecious flukes
Blood flukes
30
Blood flukes:
i. Schistosoma japonicum
ii. Schistosoma mansoni
iii. Schistosoma haematobium`
31
Described “fiery serpents” which is most likely Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm)
Bible
32
Contains the first written records of intestinal worms that were confirmed by the discovery of calcified helminth eggs in mummies dating from 1200 BC
Ebers Papyrus
33
appears as the nature of infection with Dracunculus medinensis and techniques
for removing the worm
aat
34
possibly Hookworm infection
aaa
35
Gave detailed description of aaa among ancient
Egyptians
Ebers Papyrus
36
Described worms from fishes, domesticated animals, and humans
Hippocrates
37
Were familiar with Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis and tapeworms
belonging to genus Taenia
Roman physicians Celsus and Galen
38
Clearly described Ascaris, Enterobius, and tapeworms; Also gave good clinical
descriptions of their respective infections
Paulus Aegineta
39
Arabic physician who recognized the guinea worm, Dracunculus medinensis
Avicenna
40
Father of Taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus
41
name the six helminth worms
Ascaris lumbricoides
Ascaris vermicularis (now Enterobius vermicularis)
Gordius medinensis (now Dracunculus medinensis)
Fasciola hepatica
Taenia solium
Taenia lata (now Diphyllobothrium latum)
42
Discovered Giardia lamblia
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
43
the first parasitic protozoan in humans
Giardia lamblia
44
Discovery of Entamoeba histolytica
Friedrich Losch/ Fedor Lesh
45
the causative agent of amoebiasis
Entamoeba histolytica,
46
Identified Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Everett Dutton
47
causes chronic sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
48
Identified Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
J.W.W Stephens & Harold Fantham
49
causes acute sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
50
Discovered that malaria is caused by
protozoans known as the Plasmodium species
Alphonse (Charles) Laveran
51
Discovered that mosquitoes can transmit can transmit malaria to birds,
Ronald Ross (1897)
52
Gave the first detailed anatomy of A. lumbricoides
Edward Tyson
53
Gave another detailed description of A. lumbricoides
Francesco Redi:
54
marked the beginnings of the subdiscipline of
helminthology, which reached a peak in the 19th century
Tyson and Redi
55
Demonstrated that ingestion of eggs of A.
lumbricoides as correct mode of transmission
Casimir Joseph Davaine (1862)
56
Validated Davaine’s work; Infected himself with
eggs of A. lumbricoides & subsequently found eggs in his feces
Giovanni Battista Grassi
57
- Discovered the life cycle of A. lumbricoides including the migration of larval stages around the body
- Infected a volunteer and himself; Subsequently found large numbers of larvae in his sputum
Shimesu Koino (1922)
58
term used to describe’ to describe the greenish
pallor associated with Hookworm infection
Egyptian chlorosis
59
Found hookworms in a human patient
Angelo Dubini (1838)
60
Established the association between Hookworm
infection and the (then) unknown disease characterized by anemia, greenish yellow pallor and laziness
Wilhelm Griesinger
61
Established the real connection between pallor and Hookworm infection while investigating the diseases of miners in the St. Gothard tunnel
Edoardo Perroncito (1879)
62
“Hookworm & Strongyloides stercoralis larvae enter the body by boring through the skin”
Arthur Looss (End of 19th century)
63
Accidentally infected himself with the hookworm larvae
Arthur Looss (End of 19th century)
64
Deliberately placed S. stercoralis on his skin; Found larvae in his feces 64 days later
Arthur Looss (End of 19th century)
65
Discovered T. spiralis worm in humans
James Paget (1835):
66
Discovery of the adult worms of T. spiralis
Rudolf Virchow (1859) and Friedrich Zenker (1860)
67
Recognized the clinical significance of infection;
Concluded that infections come from eating raw and improperly cooked pork
Friedrich Zenker (1860)
68
Scientific observations on the tapeworms of humans, dogs, and other animals
Edward Tyson (Late 17th century):
69
Recognize the “head” (scolex) of a tapeworm
Edward Tyson (Late 17th century)
70
First to state that intermediate hosts are involved in the life cycles of Taenia
Johann Goeze (1784)
71
involved in the life cycles of Taenia
intermediate hosts
72
resembles cysts in the muscle of pigs
scolices
73
Recognized the difference between Taenia
solium (pork tapeworm) and Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)
Friedrich Heinrich Kuchenmeister
74
fed pig meat containing Taenia solium to criminals condemned to death and recovered adult tapeworms after they had been executed
Friedrich Heinrich Kuchenmeister
75
Confirmed that eating “measly” beef causes tapeworm infections
Edoardo Perroncito (1877)
76
Observation of Color
Observation of Stool Consistency
ROUTINE FECALYSIS
Macroscopic Examination
77
Normal color of stool
Light to dark brown
78
Passage of black , tarry stools are called as
melena
79
Causes of black, tarry stools
-Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding (esophagus, stomach, duodenum)
-Ingestion of iron, charcoal, or bismuth
80
Passage of stools with fresh blood due to lower
gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is called as
hematochezia
81
Causes of a bright red stools
-Lower GI bleeding (colon, rectum)
-Medications such as Rifampin and foods including beets
82
caused by blockage of bile duct or use of barium sulfate
Pale/ Chalky stools
83
observed in patients taking oral antibiotics and
increased intake of green vegetables or food coloring
Green stools
84
caused by ingestion of milk diet, corn meal, rhubarb and fats
Yellow stools
85
normal consistency of stool
Soft to well-formed
86
Observation of Stool Consistency
-Watery consistency
-Soft consistency
-Semi-formed consistency
-Formed consistency
87
normal quantity of stool
100 -250 grams/ day
88
normal odor of stool
Foul to Offensive
89
normal ph of stool
7.0-8.0
90
Necessary to identify helminth eggs and larvae as well as protozoans
Microscopic Examination
91
fecalysis Routine microscopic examination
Direct Fecal Smear
92
aspirated and transferred onto a glass slide during saline wet mount
normal saline solution (NSS)
93
used to acquire a representative portion of the fecal sample
clean wooden applicator stick
94
TRUE OR FALSE
For watery stool samples, the sample itself is directly used and is not mixed with NSS.
True
95
solution used in iodine wet mount
iodine (Lugol’s iodine)
96
Best in highlighting details of protozoan cysts, thus, it may aid in correct identification
Iodine wet mount
97
Most frequently performed fecal chemical examination
Fecal Occult (Hidden) Blood Testing (FOBT)
98
Used to detect “occult” or “hidden” blood
Fecal Occult (Hidden) Blood Testing (FOBT)
99
mass screening procedure for the early detection of colorectal cancer
Fecal Occult (Hidden) Blood Testing (FOBT)
