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PMLS FINALS > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

organisms that are too small to be seen by the unaided eye

A

microorganisms (microbes)

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2
Q

Microbes can be beneficial agents in the fields of

A

biotechnology and medicine

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3
Q

disease-causing microbes are called

A

pathogens

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4
Q

scientific discipline that carefully studies, identifies, and characterizes microorganisms

A

Microbiology

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5
Q

carries out laboratory procedures for the detection and identification of pathogens from human samples

A

microbiology section

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6
Q

Classification on microorganisms

A

-acellular infectious agents
-cellular microbes

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7
Q

-not made up of true cells
-cannot reproduce independently
-non-living.

A

Acellular infectious agents

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8
Q

Acellular infectious agents include

A

viruses
prions

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9
Q

can be further classified as either prokaryotes or eukaryotes.

A

cellular microbes

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10
Q

-do not have nuclear membranes
-membrane-bound organelles
-do not have ‘true nucleus’

A

Prokaryotic cells

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11
Q

Prokaryotic microorganisms include

A

bacteria
archaea

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12
Q

-has a ‘true nucleus’
-bound by a nuclear membrane
-presence of membrane-bound organelles

A

eukaryotic cell

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13
Q

Eukaryotic microorganisms include

A

protozoa
microscopic fungi
microscopic algae

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14
Q

-Incapable of replicating outside host cells
-Acellular

A

Viruses

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15
Q

Core of viruses

A

-Nucleic acid
-Either DNA or RNA (Never both)

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16
Q

Capsid of viruses

A

Proteinaceous material
Capsomeres
Nucleocapsid

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17
Q

protects the nucleic acid core

A

Proteinaceous material

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18
Q

structural subunits of capsid

A

Capsomeres

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19
Q

Unit made up of the nucleic acid core and the proteinaceous capsid

A

Nucleocapsid

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20
Q

Not present in all viruses

A

Envelope

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21
Q

Envelope of viruses is made up of

A

glycoproteins and lipids

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22
Q

Do not have envelopes

A

Naked viruses

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23
Q

equipped with envelopes

A

enveloped viruses

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24
Q

-Unicellular, prokaryotic microbes
-Include the eubacteria and the cyanobacteria

A

Bacteria

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25
Q

Bacterial cell wall is unique due to presence of

A

peptidoglycan

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26
Q

Taxonomic classification of bacteria

A

Kingdom Monera, Domain Bacteria

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27
Q

Unicellular, prokaryotic microbes that live in extreme conditions

A

Archaea

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28
Q

Taxonomic classification of Archaea

A

Kingdom Monera, Domain Archaea

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29
Q
  • Unicellular, eukaryotic organisms
  • Non-photosynthetic
A

Protozoa (protozoan)
Fungi

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30
Q

Microscopic fungi include the

A

unicellular yeasts
multicellular molds

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31
Q

capable of carrying out both sexual & asexual reproduction

A

Microscopic fungi

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32
Q

They reproduce via budding

A

Yeast cells

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33
Q

They grow via apical extension

A

Molds

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34
Q

Cell wall of fungi is predominantly made up of

A

chitin

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35
Q

Taxonomic classification of fungi

A

Kingdom Fungi, Domain Eukarya

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36
Q

Photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms

A

Algae

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37
Q

Taxonomic classification of algae

A

The microscopic, unicellular algae are placed under
Kingdom Protista; Domain Eukarya

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38
Q

focuses on the study of bacteria

A

Bacteriology

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39
Q

subject that deals with the bacteria that infect
humans and the diseases that they cause

A

Clinical Bacteriology

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40
Q

discipline that studies viruses and virus-like agents, including their classification,
structure, and their disease-causing properties

A

Virology

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41
Q

discipline that studies the microscopic yeasts and molds

A

Mycology

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42
Q

-the study of algology
-scientific study of algae

A

Phycology

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43
Q

only concerned with the algae that are too small to be observed by the naked human eyes

A

Phycology

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44
Q

subject that studies the eukaryotic and unicellular protozoans

A

Protozoology

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45
Q

it can be inferred that protozoology is related to the science of __

A

Parasitology

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46
Q

who discovered that if two convex lenses were put together, it can be used to make small objects appear larger

A

Zacharias Janssen

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47
Q

two-lens instrument

A

convex lenses

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48
Q

it can be used to make small objects appear larger

A

two convex lenses

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49
Q

Coined the term ‘microscopio’ or microscope to refer to the two-lens system

A

Giovanni Faber

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50
Q

studied a piece of cork using the 25x microscope

A

Robert Hooke

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51
Q

What book did Robert Hooke publish which detailed his studies using the 25x
microscope

A

Micrographia (1665)

52
Q

Hooke used the
word __ to describe the ‘great many little boxes’ he observed

A

cella

53
Q

the first person to describe and draw a microorganism (mold)

A

Robert Hooke

54
Q

Came up with a 200x microscope

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

55
Q

He described hundreds of tiny, living animals (probably protozoa and algae) which he
called __

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek; animalcules

56
Q

study of the distribution and determinants of a disease in a specified population.

A

Epidemiology

57
Q

Believed in the theory of miasma (“bad air”)

A

Naturalists

58
Q

states that the origin of epidemics such as cholera, malaria, and plague were due to ‘bad air’, emanating from rotting organic matter

A

theory of miasma (“bad air”)

59
Q

Hungarian obstetrician

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

60
Q

Observed the mortality of pregnant women due to puerperal fever (childbed fever)

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

61
Q

this disease was more prevalent in the ward handled by medical students than in the ward run by midwifery students

A

puerperal fever (childbed fever)

62
Q

source of contagion of puerperal fever (childbed fever)

A

cadavers

63
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis directed his staff to wash their hands using ___ before entering the ward

A

chlorine water

64
Q

Father of Epidemiology

A

John Snow

65
Q

Investigated the 1854 London cholera epidemic

A

John Snow

66
Q

John Snow conclusion about cholera

A

cholera was waterborne and not spread by miasma

67
Q

what is Spot-mapping

A

Snow interviewed the sick and healthy Londoners and plotted the location of each cholera case on a district map

68
Q

that most cholera cases were clustered and were getting their water source from the street pump in

A

Broad Street

69
Q

microbiology blossomed and continued until the advent of

A

World War I

70
Q

father of bacteriology

A

Louis Pasteur

71
Q

Was the first to correctly explain that fermentation

A

Louis Pasteur

72
Q

involves converting sugar into
alcohol (wine)by yeasts in the absence of oxygen

A

fermentation

73
Q

Concluded that souring and spoilage of wine and dairy products is caused by the presence of

A

bacteria (pasteur)

74
Q

-practical solution for the “wine disease” (wine souring)
-Original method proposed by Pasteur

A

pasteurization technique

75
Q

method of pasteurization technique

A

heating the wine to 55C after fermentation but before aging

76
Q

Proposed the GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

A

Louis Pasteur

77
Q

Specific pathogens are responsible for specific infectious disease

A

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

78
Q

Verified the germ theory of disease

A

Louis Pasteur

79
Q

used as the formalized standards when relating a specific organism to a specific disease.

A

Koch’s postulates

80
Q

The same microorganisms are present in every case of the disease

A

Postulate 1

81
Q

The microorganisms are isolated from the tissues of a dead animal and a pure culture is prepared. (The microorganisms are then later identified)

A

Postulate 2

82
Q

Microorganisms from the pure culture are inoculated into a healthy, susceptible animal. The disease (same disease in postulate 1) is reproduced

A

Postulate 3

83
Q

The suspected pathogen must be re-isolated from the tissue specimens of the experimental animal and shown to be the same as the original

A

Postulate 4

84
Q

marked by many discoveries and innovations
that were brought about by the healthy competition between Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch.

A

The Classical Golden Age of Microbiology

85
Q

Attenuated (weakened) the bacterial cells of
chicken cholera

A

Louis Pasteur with Charles
Chamberland

86
Q

Applied the principle of attenuation to anthrax
and demonstrated that he could protect sheep
against the disease

A

Louis Pasteur

87
Q

Applied the principle of attenuation to anthrax
and demonstrated that he could protect sheep
against the disease

A

Louis Pasteur

88
Q

Began testing of an experimental rabies vaccine against dogs

A

Emile Roux

89
Q

Gave the untested (in humans)
rabies vaccine to a 9-year-old boy

A

Louis Pasteur

90
Q

Identified the diphtheria toxin

A

Alexander Yersin & Emile Roux

91
Q

Discovered phagocytosis

A

Elie Metchnikoff

92
Q

focused on mechanism of infection & immunity.

A

The Pasteur Lab

93
Q

focused on procedural methods for isolation, cultivation, & identification of pathogens

A

The Koch Lab

94
Q

-Identified and cultured Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-Discovered Bacillus anthracis
-Isolated Vibrio cholerae and confirmed John
Snow’s suspicion that water is the key to transmission

A

Robert Koch

95
Q

Friedrich Loeffler isolated

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (diphtheria bacillus)

96
Q

Georg Gaffky cultivated the

A

typhoid bacillus

97
Q

Suggested some dyes might control bacterial
infections

A

Paul Ehrlich

98
Q

Shibasaburo Kitasato isolated

A

Clostridium tetani

99
Q

Emil von Behring developed

A

diphtheria antitoxin

100
Q

Observed bacterial cells in leprosy patients

A

Gerhard Hansen

101
Q

Discovered Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

Albert Neisser

102
Q

Discovered that malaria is caused by a protozoan

A

Charles Laveran

103
Q

Discovered the bacterium responsible for infant diarrhea

A

Theodore Escherich

104
Q

Identified a bacterial causative agent of meningitis (Haemophilus influenzae)

A

Richard Pfeiffer

105
Q

bacterial causative agent of meningitis

A

Haemophilus influenzae

106
Q

Independently discovered the bacterium causing plague (Yersinia pestis)

A

Shibasaburo Kitasato and
Alexander Yersin

107
Q

bacterium causing plague

A

Yersinia pestis

108
Q

Cultivated Bordetella pertussis (pertussis bacillus)

A

Jules Bordet and Octave
Gengou

109
Q

credited as the inventor gram staining test.

A

Hans Christian Gram

110
Q

It is performed to classify bacteria according to their cell wall structure.

A

Gram staining (GS)

111
Q

bacteria that will exhibit a purple color

A

Gram-positive bacteria

112
Q

bacteria that will exhibit a pink/red color.

A

Gram-negative bacteria

113
Q

this technique will allow the microscopic observation and classification of bacteria according to shape.

A

Gram staining (GS)

114
Q

Classification of bacteria in Gram staining (GS) is according to

A

shape

115
Q

spherical-shaped bacteria

A

Cocci

116
Q

rod-shaped bacteria

A

Bacilli

117
Q

bacteria can be classified into the following groups:

A

-Gram-positive cocci
-Gram-negative cocci
-Gram-positive bacilli
-Gram-negative bacilli

118
Q

This technique is used mainly for the differentiation of acid fast organisms from non-acid fast organisms.

A

Acid Fast Stain (AFS)

119
Q

Acid Fast Stain (AFS) is most useful in the detection of

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

120
Q

This technique utilizes 10% potassium hydroxide in order to detect fungal elements such as spores and hyphae.

A

KOH (Potassium Hydroxide) Preparation

121
Q

dissolves the keratin of skin
scrapings, nails and hair

A

10% potassium hydroxide

122
Q

isolation of the bacterium from the actual site of infection and allowing the organism to grow in vitro using an artificially feasible environment.

A

Culture

123
Q

It allows the microbiologist to come up with a sufficient population of the pathogen

A

Culture

124
Q

done after culture in order to determine the most appropriate antibiotics that can be used to treat the infection caused by the pathogen.

A

Sensitivity Testing or Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

125
Q

most routinely used technique in AST

A

Kirby-Bauer Technique (Disk Diffusion
Susceptibility Test)

PMLS FINALS (3 decks)

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