Microbiology Flashcards
1
Q
organisms that are too small to be seen by the unaided eye
A
microorganisms (microbes)
2
Q
Microbes can be beneficial agents in the fields of
A
biotechnology and medicine
3
Q
disease-causing microbes are called
A
pathogens
4
Q
scientific discipline that carefully studies, identifies, and characterizes microorganisms
A
Microbiology
5
Q
carries out laboratory procedures for the detection and identification of pathogens from human samples
A
microbiology section
6
Q
Classification on microorganisms
A
-acellular infectious agents
-cellular microbes
7
Q
-not made up of true cells
-cannot reproduce independently
-non-living.
A
Acellular infectious agents
8
Q
Acellular infectious agents include
A
viruses
prions
9
Q
can be further classified as either prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
A
cellular microbes
10
Q
-do not have nuclear membranes
-membrane-bound organelles
-do not have ‘true nucleus’
A
Prokaryotic cells
11
Q
Prokaryotic microorganisms include
A
bacteria
archaea
12
Q
-has a ‘true nucleus’
-bound by a nuclear membrane
-presence of membrane-bound organelles
A
eukaryotic cell
13
Q
Eukaryotic microorganisms include
A
protozoa
microscopic fungi
microscopic algae
14
Q
-Incapable of replicating outside host cells
-Acellular
A
Viruses
15
Q
Core of viruses
A
-Nucleic acid
-Either DNA or RNA (Never both)
16
Q
Capsid of viruses
A
Proteinaceous material
Capsomeres
Nucleocapsid
17
Q
protects the nucleic acid core
A
Proteinaceous material
18
Q
structural subunits of capsid
A
Capsomeres
19
Q
Unit made up of the nucleic acid core and the proteinaceous capsid
A
Nucleocapsid
20
Q
Not present in all viruses
A
Envelope
21
Q
Envelope of viruses is made up of
A
glycoproteins and lipids
22
Q
Do not have envelopes
A
Naked viruses
23
Q
equipped with envelopes
A
enveloped viruses
24
Q
-Unicellular, prokaryotic microbes
-Include the eubacteria and the cyanobacteria
A
Bacteria
25
Bacterial cell wall is unique due to presence of
peptidoglycan
26
Taxonomic classification of bacteria
Kingdom Monera, Domain Bacteria
27
Unicellular, prokaryotic microbes that live in extreme conditions
Archaea
28
Taxonomic classification of Archaea
Kingdom Monera, Domain Archaea
29
- Unicellular, eukaryotic organisms
- Non-photosynthetic
Protozoa (protozoan)
Fungi
30
Microscopic fungi include the
unicellular yeasts
multicellular molds
31
capable of carrying out both sexual & asexual reproduction
Microscopic fungi
32
They reproduce via budding
Yeast cells
33
They grow via apical extension
Molds
34
Cell wall of fungi is predominantly made up of
chitin
35
Taxonomic classification of fungi
Kingdom Fungi, Domain Eukarya
36
Photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms
Algae
37
Taxonomic classification of algae
The microscopic, unicellular algae are placed under
Kingdom Protista; Domain Eukarya
38
focuses on the study of bacteria
Bacteriology
39
subject that deals with the bacteria that infect
humans and the diseases that they cause
Clinical Bacteriology
40
discipline that studies viruses and virus-like agents, including their classification,
structure, and their disease-causing properties
Virology
41
discipline that studies the microscopic yeasts and molds
Mycology
42
-the study of algology
-scientific study of algae
Phycology
43
only concerned with the algae that are too small to be observed by the naked human eyes
Phycology
44
subject that studies the eukaryotic and unicellular protozoans
Protozoology
45
it can be inferred that protozoology is related to the science of __
Parasitology
46
who discovered that if two convex lenses were put together, it can be used to make small objects appear larger
Zacharias Janssen
47
two-lens instrument
convex lenses
48
it can be used to make small objects appear larger
two convex lenses
49
Coined the term ‘microscopio’ or microscope to refer to the two-lens system
Giovanni Faber
50
studied a piece of cork using the 25x microscope
Robert Hooke
51
What book did Robert Hooke publish which detailed his studies using the 25x
microscope
Micrographia (1665)
52
Hooke used the
word __ to describe the ‘great many little boxes’ he observed
cella
53
the first person to describe and draw a microorganism (mold)
Robert Hooke
54
Came up with a 200x microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
55
He described hundreds of tiny, living animals (probably protozoa and algae) which he
called __
Anton van Leeuwenhoek; animalcules
56
study of the distribution and determinants of a disease in a specified population.
Epidemiology
57
Believed in the theory of miasma (“bad air”)
Naturalists
58
states that the origin of epidemics such as cholera, malaria, and plague were due to ‘bad air’, emanating from rotting organic matter
theory of miasma (“bad air”)
59
Hungarian obstetrician
Ignaz Semmelweis
60
Observed the mortality of pregnant women due to puerperal fever (childbed fever)
Ignaz Semmelweis
61
this disease was more prevalent in the ward handled by medical students than in the ward run by midwifery students
puerperal fever (childbed fever)
62
source of contagion of puerperal fever (childbed fever)
cadavers
63
Ignaz Semmelweis directed his staff to wash their hands using ___ before entering the ward
chlorine water
64
Father of Epidemiology
John Snow
65
Investigated the 1854 London cholera epidemic
John Snow
66
John Snow conclusion about cholera
cholera was waterborne and not spread by miasma
67
what is Spot-mapping
Snow interviewed the sick and healthy Londoners and plotted the location of each cholera case on a district map
68
that most cholera cases were clustered and were getting their water source from the street pump in
Broad Street
69
microbiology blossomed and continued until the advent of
World War I
70
father of bacteriology
Louis Pasteur
71
Was the first to correctly explain that fermentation
Louis Pasteur
72
involves converting sugar into
alcohol (wine)by yeasts in the absence of oxygen
fermentation
73
Concluded that souring and spoilage of wine and dairy products is caused by the presence of
bacteria (pasteur)
74
-practical solution for the “wine disease” (wine souring)
-Original method proposed by Pasteur
pasteurization technique
75
method of pasteurization technique
heating the wine to 55C after fermentation but before aging
76
Proposed the GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
Louis Pasteur
77
Specific pathogens are responsible for specific infectious disease
GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
78
Verified the germ theory of disease
Louis Pasteur
79
used as the formalized standards when relating a specific organism to a specific disease.
Koch’s postulates
80
The same microorganisms are present in every case of the disease
Postulate 1
81
The microorganisms are isolated from the tissues of a dead animal and a pure culture is prepared. (The microorganisms are then later identified)
Postulate 2
82
Microorganisms from the pure culture are inoculated into a healthy, susceptible animal. The disease (same disease in postulate 1) is reproduced
Postulate 3
83
The suspected pathogen must be re-isolated from the tissue specimens of the experimental animal and shown to be the same as the original
Postulate 4
84
marked by many discoveries and innovations
that were brought about by the healthy competition between Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch.
The Classical Golden Age of Microbiology
85
Attenuated (weakened) the bacterial cells of
chicken cholera
Louis Pasteur with Charles
Chamberland
86
Applied the principle of attenuation to anthrax
and demonstrated that he could protect sheep
against the disease
Louis Pasteur
87
Applied the principle of attenuation to anthrax
and demonstrated that he could protect sheep
against the disease
Louis Pasteur
88
Began testing of an experimental rabies vaccine against dogs
Emile Roux
89
Gave the untested (in humans)
rabies vaccine to a 9-year-old boy
Louis Pasteur
90
Identified the diphtheria toxin
Alexander Yersin & Emile Roux
91
Discovered phagocytosis
Elie Metchnikoff
92
focused on mechanism of infection & immunity.
The Pasteur Lab
93
focused on procedural methods for isolation, cultivation, & identification of pathogens
The Koch Lab
94
-Identified and cultured Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-Discovered Bacillus anthracis
-Isolated Vibrio cholerae and confirmed John
Snow’s suspicion that water is the key to transmission
Robert Koch
95
Friedrich Loeffler isolated
Corynebacterium diphtheriae (diphtheria bacillus)
96
Georg Gaffky cultivated the
typhoid bacillus
97
Suggested some dyes might control bacterial
infections
Paul Ehrlich
98
Shibasaburo Kitasato isolated
Clostridium tetani
99
Emil von Behring developed
diphtheria antitoxin
100
Observed bacterial cells in leprosy patients
Gerhard Hansen
101
Discovered Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Albert Neisser
102
Discovered that malaria is caused by a protozoan
Charles Laveran
103
Discovered the bacterium responsible for infant diarrhea
Theodore Escherich
104
Identified a bacterial causative agent of meningitis (Haemophilus influenzae)
Richard Pfeiffer
105
bacterial causative agent of meningitis
Haemophilus influenzae
106
Independently discovered the bacterium causing plague (Yersinia pestis)
Shibasaburo Kitasato and
Alexander Yersin
107
bacterium causing plague
Yersinia pestis
108
Cultivated Bordetella pertussis (pertussis bacillus)
Jules Bordet and Octave
Gengou
109
credited as the inventor gram staining test.
Hans Christian Gram
110
It is performed to classify bacteria according to their cell wall structure.
Gram staining (GS)
111
bacteria that will exhibit a purple color
Gram-positive bacteria
112
bacteria that will exhibit a pink/red color.
Gram-negative bacteria
113
this technique will allow the microscopic observation and classification of bacteria according to shape.
Gram staining (GS)
114
Classification of bacteria in Gram staining (GS) is according to
shape
115
spherical-shaped bacteria
Cocci
116
rod-shaped bacteria
Bacilli
117
bacteria can be classified into the following groups:
-Gram-positive cocci
-Gram-negative cocci
-Gram-positive bacilli
-Gram-negative bacilli
118
This technique is used mainly for the differentiation of acid fast organisms from non-acid fast organisms.
Acid Fast Stain (AFS)
119
Acid Fast Stain (AFS) is most useful in the detection of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
120
This technique utilizes 10% potassium hydroxide in order to detect fungal elements such as spores and hyphae.
KOH (Potassium Hydroxide) Preparation
121
dissolves the keratin of skin
scrapings, nails and hair
10% potassium hydroxide
122
isolation of the bacterium from the actual site of infection and allowing the organism to grow in vitro using an artificially feasible environment.
Culture
123
It allows the microbiologist to come up with a sufficient population of the pathogen
Culture
124
done after culture in order to determine the most appropriate antibiotics that can be used to treat the infection caused by the pathogen.
Sensitivity Testing or Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
125
most routinely used technique in AST
Kirby-Bauer Technique (Disk Diffusion
Susceptibility Test)
