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AII Week 4 > Parasitic Infections > Flashcards

Parasitic Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Ascariasis Etiology

A
  • Ingestion of eggs in contaminated food

- Ascaris lumbricoides nematode (roundworm)

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2
Q

Ascariasis S/S

A

Transient cough, urticaria, pulmonary infiltrates, nonspecific abd symptoms
-fever, nonproductive cough, chest pain

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3
Q

Ascariasis Lab

A
  • Adult worms may emerge from mouth, nose, or anus
  • ID eggs in feces
  • Eosiniphilia on CBC
  • Abd ultrasound will ID worms
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4
Q

Ascariasis Management

A

-Worms may migrate to common bile duct, pancreatic duct, appendix
-Heavy infestation may cause intestinal obstruction, vovulus, intussusception, death
Tx: albendazole, mebendazole, or pyrantel pamoate

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5
Q

Ascariasis Prev/Prog

A
  • Infections are high in areas of poor hygiene

- Reinfection is common in endemic areas

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6
Q

Enterobiasis Etiology

A

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

  • ingest eggs from infected individual, contaminated food, infected clothing/bedding
  • Deposit eggs on perianal skin
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7
Q

Enterobiasis S/S

A

Nocturnal perianal pruritius

  • asymptomatic
  • insomnia, restlessness, enuresis
  • mild GI symptoms
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8
Q

Enterobiasis Lab

A

ID eggs or adult worms on perianal skin or in stool

-apply clear tape to perianal skin in early morning and examine under microscope

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9
Q

Enterobiasis Management

A

Tx: single dose of albendazole, mebendazole, or pyrantel pamoate

  • repeat in 2 wks due to frequent reinfection
  • Treat all close contacts
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10
Q

Enterobiasis Prev/Prog

A
  • hand washing
  • washing clothes/bedding will kill
  • easily cured but reinfection is common
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11
Q

Trichinosis Etiology

A

Trichinella spiralis and other Trichinella species

  • ingestion of inadequately cooked pork or game
  • larvae are freed from cyst from gastric acid and passes to small intestine
  • larvae invade intestinal epithelial cells and release larvae
  • invade skeletal muscle
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12
Q

Trichinosis S/S

A

Transient intestinal symptoms followed by fever, myalgias, and periorbital edema

  • asymptomatic
  • HA, cough, dyspnea, hoarseness, rash, subconjunctival and retinal hemorrhages
  • symptoms peak 2-3wks and lasts 2 months
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13
Q

Trichinosis Lab

A

Eosinophilia

-elevated serum muscle enzymes

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14
Q

Trichinosis Management

A
  • No specific therapy
  • Mebendazole or albendazole will limit tissue invasion
  • supportive therapy: analgesics, antipyretics, bed rest, steroids in severe illness
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15
Q

Trichinosis Prev/Prog

A

-Cook meat

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16
Q

Tapeworm Etiology

A 
Infected by eating raw/undercooked meat/ freshwater fish
4 Sources
-Beef: Taenia saginata, largest
-Pork: Taenia solium
-Fish: Diphyllobothrium latum
-Dwarf: Hymenolepis nana
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17
Q

Tapeworm S/S

A

Generally asymptomatic

-can have abd pain or GI symptoms (N/D)

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18
Q

Tapeworm Lab

A

CBC: eosinophilia

-infection is discovered by finding proglottids or eggs in stool

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19
Q

Tapeworm Management

A

Tx: praziquantel

20
Q

Tapeworm Prev/Prog

A

-responds well to tx

21
Q

Cysticercosis Etiology

A

Taenia solium

  • fecal contamination of food
  • humans are intermediate host
22
Q

Cysticercosis S/S

A

Seizures, HA, focal CNS deficits

  • altered cognition, psychiatric disease
  • vomiting, papiledema, vision loss
  • intracerebral, subarachnoid, and spinal cord lesions and intraventricular cysts
  • lesions may persist for years before symptoms develop
23
Q

Cysticercosis Lab

A

Brain imaging shows cysts

  • positive serologic test
  • CSF shows lymphocytic or eosinophilic pleiocytosis, decreased glucose, elevated protein
  • ELISA
  • CT or MRI show cysts and perenchymal calcifications
24
Q

Cysticercosis Management

A

Tx: benefits must be weighed against inflammatory response risk

  • Albendazole is tx of choice and is coadministered with corticosteroids
  • Surgically remove cysts
25
Q

Cysticercosis Prev/Prog

A

Endemic in Mexico, Central and S America, Philippines, SE Asia

  • High fatality rate if untreated
  • Sanitation, fully cook pork
26
Q

Cutaneous larva Migrans Etiology

A

Caused by dog and cat hookworms (Ancylostoma braziliese and canium)

27
Q

Cutaneous larva Migrans S/S

A

Intense pruitic erythematous papules, usually on feet or hands

  • serpiginous tracks mark the path of parasite
  • lesions become vesiculated, encrusted or secondarily infected
28
Q

Cutaneous larva Migrans Lab

A

Dx based on characteristics of lesion

-no lab or bx is done

29
Q

Cutaneous larva Migrans Management

A

Mild cases don’t require tx

  • Thiabendazole (topical) TID x 5 days or more
  • Systemic tx: albendazole or ivermectin
30
Q

Cutaneous larva Migrans Prev/Prog

A
  • infection common in SE US

- Most common in kids

31
Q

Hookworm Etiology

A

Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus

  • larvae penetrate skin and migrate to bloodstream to pulmonary capillaries
  • carried by ciliary action up bronchi to mouth and are swallowed
  • attach to mucosa of upper small bowel and mature
  • suck blood at attachment site
32
Q

Hookworm S/S

A

Transient pruritic rash, dry cough, wheezing, low-grade fever, anorexia, diarrhea, abd discomfort

  • asymptomatic
  • epigastric pain
  • pallor, weakness, dyspnea, heart failure due to iron deficiency anemia
33
Q

Hookworm Lab

A

Eggs and occult blood in stool

  • Dx is based on eggs in feces
  • eosinophilia is common
34
Q

Hookworm Management

A

Tx: albendazole or mebendazole

-iron replacement to manage anemia

35
Q

Hookworm Prev/Prog

A
  • Very common in tropical and subtropical regions

- mass tx of children with single dose at regular intervals limits worm burden in endemic areas

36
Q

Schistosomiasis Etiology

A

Caused by trematode blood flukes - 5 Schistosoma species

-Fresh water snails in endemic areas

37
Q

Schistosomiasis S/S

A

Acute onset of fever, HA, cough, myalgia, urticaria, diarrhea (bloody)
-’swimmer’s itch’
Intestinal: abd pain, hepatomegaly, anorexia, weight loss
Urinary: hematuria, dysuria
Chronic: may be light and asymptomatic

38
Q

Schistosomiasis Lab

A

Dx: eggs in feces or urine, bx of rectal or bladder mucosa, positive serology

  • stool may be neg for eggs early on
  • CBC: eosinophilia
39
Q

Schistosomiasis Management

A

Tx: praziquantel (1-2 doses, may repeat in 2 wks)

  • combine with corticosteroid in severe disease
  • alternative tx: oxamniquine, metrifonate, artemether
40
Q

Schistosomiasis Prev/Prog

A

Resolves in 2-8 wks

  • high cure rates w/ tx
  • avoid fresh water in endemic areas
41
Q

Scabies Etiology

A

Sarcoptes scabiei

-acquired through bedding or close contact with infested person

42
Q

Scabies S/S

A

Severe itching, pruritic burrows, vesicles, and pustules (especially on finger webs and wrist creases, elbows, around axillae, and breasts)

  • nodular lesions on scrotum, penis, or posterior axillary line
  • pruritic papules on butt
43
Q

Scabies Lab

A

Mites, ova, and brown dots of feces visible micoscopically

-scrape each lesion until it is flat

44
Q

Scabies Management

A

Tx: permethrin cream

  • dermatitis can last months after eradication of mites
  • Tx dermatitis with corticosteroid cream
  • bedding and clothing should be cleaned or set aside in plastic bags for 2 wks
  • High heat is required to kill mites and ova
45
Q

Scabies Prev/Prog

A
  • crusted/hyperkeratotic lesions should be evaluated for immunosuppression
  • must tx all persons in household

AII Week 4 (7 decks)

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