Parasites in Kingdom Animalia: The Trematodes(Flukes)

Question 1

Fasciola hepatica

   * Fasciola hepatica whole fluke
   * Fasciola hepatica ova
   * Fasciola hepatica miracidium
    * Fasciola hepatica rediae
    * Fasciola hepatica cercariae

Answer 1

disease: Liver fluke disease
symptoms: Anemia, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea occur while larvae migrate from intestines to liver. Liver damage and necrosis occur when adult flukes travel through liver and feed on liver cells and blood. Worms in bile ducts cause inflammation, which in turn stimulates production of fibrous tissue, therefore ducts handle less bile. Abscesses may form on liver. Halzoun may result when raw sheep or goat liver are ingested. This irritates pharynx and may cause respiratory blockage.

Question 2

Clonorchis sinensis

    * Clonorchis sinensis,whole fluke
    * Clonorchis sinensis,ova

Answer 2

disease: Chinese liver fluke disease
symptoms: Flukes erode the epithelial lining of bile ducts; leading to thickening and occlusion of duct, and resulting in formation of pockets in duct from pressure. The bile duct may perforate, and eggs then get into the liver parenchyma. Connective tissue then builds up around the eggs, interfering with liver function.

Question 3

Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma haematobium
Schistosoma japonicum

Answer 3

disease: Blood fluke disease,schistosomiasis
symptoms:Stage 1: Cercarial migration occurs for 4-10 weeks after infection. Characterized by fever and toxic or allergic phenomena, such as skin rash; abdominal pain, bronchitis, enlarged liver and spleen; diarrhea. This is called cercarial dermatitis or swimmer’s itch.
Stage 2: Early egg production occurs for 2.5 months to several years after infection. It is characterized by pathological changes in intestinal tract or urinary tract. Eggs are being passed with the feces or urine as they penetrate through the intestinal or bladder wall, depending on the species. Scar tissue gradually builds up, eventually preventing the passage of eggs.
Stage 3: In late egg production stage, complications involving gastrointestinal, renal, and other systems occur. No eggs are passed. Eggs lodge in venules and submucosa, acting as foreign bodies and causing inflammatory response. They finally become small fibrous granulomas, forming small abscesses. Occlusion of vessels can lead to necrosis and ulceration of tissues. Clinical symptoms include abdominal pain and diarrhea with blood, mucus, and pus. Many eggs are swept into the liver, where they lodge in the hepatic capillary bed, forming tubercles and a fibrocytic reaction. Eggs also lodge in spleen, causing enlargement of abdomen. Eggs can migrate anywhere. They especially go to the brain in S.japonicum.