Parasites Flashcards
What is the 3rd leading parasitic cause of death in the world?
Entamoeba histolytica
What are the symptoms of a Entamoeba histolytica infection?
AMOEBIASIS (lower GI):
- Bloody, mucousy diarrhea
- Fever
- Abdominal pain
- Liver abscess
What is the mode of transmission of Entamoeba histolytica?
Oral-fecal
Human is the only source
What is the treatment of Entamoeba histolytica?
- Metronidazole in the tissue
- Iodoquinol, Diodoquin, Furamide in the bowel lumen
What is the most common enteric parasite in US/Canada?
Giardia lamblia
What are the symptoms of a Gardia Lamblia infection?
Upper GI:
- Diarrhea
- Flatulence
- Abdominal cramps
- Decreased appetite, + weight loss, + nausea
- NO fever
What is the mode of transmission of Giardia lamblia?
- Oral-fecal
- Zoonosis
What is the treatment of Giardia lamblia?
- Metronidazole
- Quinacrine
Resistance is an increasing problem
What are the symptoms of Cryptosporidium?
Diarrhea 2-3 weeks (chronic in AIDS or other immune compromise), cholecystitis, respiratory distress
What is the mode of transmission of Cryptosporidium?
- Person-person and oral-fecal
- Zoonosis (bovine)
What is the treatment of Cryptosporidium?
- HIV-neg: nitazoxanide optional
- HIV-pos: ART
Where does Cyclospora come from?
Raspberries, basil from Guatemala, Mexico
What are the 3 Systemic protozoa?
- Toxoplasma
- Leishmania (flagellates)
- African Trypanosomiasis (flagellates
What are the 4 types/clinical features of toxoplasma?
- Lymphadenopathic/acute
- Ocular
- Neonatal (splenomegaly)
- Immunocompromised
How is toxoplasma transmitted ?
- Fecal oral from cat
- Oral (raw/undercooked meat)
- Transplacental during infection
What are the 3 types of Leishmania?
- Cutaneous
- Mucocutaneous
- Visceral
How are Leishmania and African Trypanosomiasis transmitted?
Zoonosis reservoir, mosquito vector
What are the symptoms of malaria?
- Chills
- Rigors
- Fever
- Perspiration
- Fatigue
- Headache
- Delirium
- Confusion
- Coma
- Shortness of breath
- Jaundice
- Anemia
- Splenomegaly
What is the treatment of malaria?
NEED TO KNOW WHERE IT IS FROM TO KNOW IS RESISTANT
- Oral Quinine (if they are clinically well and tolerance PO)
- IV Artusunate (IV)
How is malaria transmitted?
FUCKING MOSQUITOS: Humans are only reservoir
What are the intestinal Helminths genus parasites that have a fecal oral transmission?
- Trichuris (whipworm)
- Enterobius (pinworm)
- Ascaris (roundworm)
How is Strongyloides (threadworm) transitted?
Contact with feces contaminated soil
VERY DANGEROUS BECAUSE: “Autoinfective cycle” (multiplies inside the host) and can live for 70 years
How do we diagnose Strongyloides (threadworm)?
- Agar plate culture
- Serology
How do we treat Strongyloides (threadworm)?
- Ivermectin
- Albendazole
Which systemic nematodes presents in carnivore because of raw meat ingestion?
Trichinella (Trichinosis)
How do we diagnose Trichinella (Trichinosis)?
- Symptoms
- Eosinophilia
- CK
- Serology
- Biopsy
How do we treat Trichinella (Trichinosis)?
- Albendazole
- Prednisone
Which systemic nematodes requires an insect of crustaean vector to be transmitted?
Filaria (systemic roundworm)
Which Trematodes are transmitted in WATER?
- Schistosomiasis (blood flukes)
- Opisthorchis viverini (Liver flukes)
- Clonorchis sinensis (Liver flukes)
- Fasciola hepaticum (Liver flukes)
- Metorchis conjunctus (Liver flukes)
- Diphyllobothrium spp. (Fish tapeworms)
What is the treatment of choice for Trematodes parasites?
Praziquantel
Which trematodes causes B12 deficiency?
Diphyllobothrium spp. (Fish tapeworms)
What are the parasites associated with severe Eosinophilia?
Those that INVADE tissues:
- Filaria
- Schistosomiasis
- Strongyloidiasis
- Trichinella
- Loa Loa
What are the most common illnesses prevalent in the tropics that present with fever in the returned traveler?
- Malaria
- Dengue
- Typhoid
What is the most common cause of traveller’s diarrhea?
- ETEC
- Shigella
- Campy
- Salmonella
- Rotavirus
- Giardia
- E. Histo
- Crypto
- Cylospora
Traveller of prolonged Diarrhea, what’s the most likely diagnosis?
POST-INFECTIOUS IBS
What are the “spora” type of parasites that cause watery diarrhea and require a special stain?
- Microsporidium spp
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Cyclospora cayetanensis
- Isospora belli
