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IPAP Micro Chance > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Define Symbiosis

A

Two ornagism of different species living together

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2
Q

Commensalism

A

Symbiotic relationship in which the parasite is benefited and the host is neither benefited nor harmed

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3
Q

Mutualism

A

Both parasite and host are benefited

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4
Q

Parasitism

A

Symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the parasite, is metabolically dependent on another organism, the host, the may or may not be harmed in this relationship

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5
Q

Pathogentic Parasite

A

Parasite that harms the host

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6
Q

Facultative parasite

A

Normal free living organism but may become an opportunistic parasite

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7
Q

Obligatory parasite

A

Cannot survive in a free living state

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8
Q

Endoparasite

A

A parasite living inside the host

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9
Q

Ectoparasite

A

A parasite living on the external surface of the host

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10
Q

Host

A

Any living organism, animal, plant that harbors or nourishes another organism

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11
Q

Definitive Host

A

The host that harbors the adult or sexually reproducing stages of a parasite

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12
Q

Intermediate Host

A

Host which harbors the immature, larval, or asexually reproducing froms of a parasite

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13
Q

Reservior Host

A

Host which replaces man in the life cycle of the parasite

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14
Q

Paratenic Host

A

A host that serves as a transport host in which the parasitic forms undergo no development, but passes on to the final host

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15
Q

Life Cycle

A

Process of a parasites growth, development and production which proceeds in one or more different host depending at the species of parasites

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16
Q

Infective stage

A

A stage when a parasite can invade human body and live in it

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17
Q

Infective mode

A

How the parasite enters the body

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18
Q

Vector

A

Carrier, usually arthropod which transmits and infective form of the parasite from host to another

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19
Q

Autoinfection:

A

Reinfection in which the host is its own source of infection from source already present in the body

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20
Q

Route of Ingestion Infection

A

Oral in food, water, arosoles

(a) Remains in gastrointestinal tract
(b) Internal migration to other host organs or systems
(c) migration through other host systems and return to gastrointestinal sites

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21
Q

Active Penetration

A

Usually through host tissues, skin, or mucous membranes

(a) Can remain on or within the epidermis or subcutaneous tissues
(b) Penetrates to other host organs or tissues

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22
Q

What medicinal substances can interfere with examinations of specimens collected?

A

(a) Antacids
(b) Antidiarrheal compounds
(c) Mineral Oil
(D) Antibiotics

Barium sulfate, delay 1-2 weeks
(a) Crystals interfere with detection of organisms

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23
Q

What is one of the most important factors in affecting the diagnosis of specimens?

A

Age of Stool Specimen
Liquid or Diarrheic: 30 min
Soft Stool: 1 hr
Formed: several hrs or longer, should be same day

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24
Q

What is Pinworm Prep-Scotch Tape prep used for?

A

Best method of recovery for pinworm eggs before defication, bathing or dressing in the morning

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25
Q

Enterotest-String Test

A
  • Detects protozoa, helminths, parasites

- String eaten and taped to your check, collects materials from stomach and upper intestine

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26
Q

What methods are used to interrupt the lifecycle of parasites?

A

(a) proper disposal of human and animal waste
(b) Purification of drinking water
(c) Processing and treatment of food supply
(d) Improvement of housing quality
(e) Elimination of intermediate hosts or vectors

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27
Q

What are 5 examples of damage caused by parasites?

A 
Obstruction
Host Reactions
Lost nutrients
Loss of Fluids
Dehydration
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28
Q

What are three characteristics of Fecal Specimen collection?

A

1) Collected in a clean, wide mouthed containers
- Water or urine
complicates diagnosis
2) Several Stool Examination are necessary before parasitic infection can be ruled out
- 3 collections within 6-
10 days
3) Time factor

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29
Q

What are some fecal preservatives?

A

10% formalin
Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
Merthiolate-Iodine- Formalin (MIF)
Sodium acetate formalin (SAF)

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30
Q

Explain- Proglottids, Strobila, Scolex

A

Proglottids- (segments) forms body
Strobila- Chain of proglottids
Scolex (head)- differ in number or placement of suckers and presense or absense of hooklets

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31
Q

What is the anatomical difference when in labratory diagnosis?

A

T-solium: 7-13 uterine branches per proglottid

T- Saginata: 12-30

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32
Q

What determines Cyctercosis?

A

Caused by development of cystercerci in various sites

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33
Q

What are two characteristics disguised by cystercosis

A

Cerebral Cystercercosis, Asymptommatic subcutaneous nodules

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34
Q

How does the scolex differ between the T-Solium/Sagniata

A

Solium: 4 muscular shapped suckers, crown of hooklets

Saginata: 4 muscular cupped shaped suckers, no crown of hooklets on rostellum

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35
Q

Where is Taenia sollium found and its intermediate host?

A

Worldwide, Pigs

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36
Q

What is the Diphyllobothrium?

A 
"Fish", Broad tapeworm" 
Largest human tapeworm
Long Lasting (decades) 
Mostly Asymptomatic 
Vitamin B12 deficency 
- If symptoms present (abd discomfort/diarr/vomit/weight loss)
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37
Q

Explain the structural parts of the Diphyllobothrium?

A
  • Identification through stool
  • Operculated/Knob on Shell at bottom

Scolex

  • Lance shaped
  • 2 leaf shaped suckers
  • Bothra lateral grooves to serve as organ attachment

Proglottidis:

  • Wider than long
  • Rosette, uterine structure
38
Q

Echinococcus Characteristics

A
  • Hydatid Cyst: slow growing, tumor like, space occupying structure
  • Brood capsules
  • Protoscolicies: Tapeworm heads that develop in the brood capsules
39
Q

In its life cycle what are Echinococcus’s Hosts?

A

Definitive Host: (dogs/other canidae)

Intermediate Host: Sheep goats, swine

40
Q

Geographic distribution of Echinococcus granulosus

A

Worldwide, frequent in rural, grazing where dogs ingest organs from infected animals

41
Q

Geographic distribution of Echinococcus multicularis

A

Northern Hemisphere, Central Europe, northern parts of Europe Asia, and North America

42
Q

Geographic distribution of Echinococcus vogeli/olgarthrus

A

Central and South America

43
Q

Clinical Presentation of E.

A
  • Remains silent for years (5-20)

- Involves both hepatic and pulmonary, ruptured cyst produces a lot of stuff

44
Q

Treatment of Cyst Echin.

A
  • Surgical resection is the treatment of choice
  • May include aspiration with injection of formalin, sewn shut and pouched

Prevention:

  • Wash hands/cooking utensils
  • Dog control
45
Q

Hymenolepis Nana Characteristics

A
  • Dwarf Tapeworm
  • Egg
    Six-hooked embryo
    • polar filaments
  • Scolex
    -four muscular suckers
    • Crown of hooklets
46
Q

Hymenolepis Diminuta

Characteristics

A
  • Scolex lacks hooklets
  • Egg
    • Larger than Nana
    • Bile Stained
    • No polar filaments
  • proglottids overlap each other
  • Requires “mealworms”
  • gotten by eating bugs
47
Q

Define: Monoecious, Dioecious

A

Mono- contains both male and female reprod. in organ or segment
Dioecious: Seperate male and female organisms

48
Q

Paragonimus Westermani

A
  • Lung Fluke

- Asia, South America, Africa and India

49
Q

Para. West. Life Cycle

A 
Habitat: Lung
Intermediate: 
1. Snail 
2. Crab/Crayfish
Resevior: Piscivores (Flesh eating animals)
Infective Form: Metacercaria
Mode: ingestion
50
Q

Lab identification of Para. West.

A
  • Primary: Sputum/Feces
51
Q

Fasciola hepatica

A 
Sheep Liver Fluke 
Patho: 
1. Mechanical destruction of liver tissue
2. Fibrosis
Treatment: Bithionol or Dehydroemetine
Geographical: Worldwide w. sheep
52
Q

Fasicola Hepatica Life Cycle

A 
Habitat: Bile passages of the liver
Intermediate: 
1. Snail
2. Fresh Water vegetation 
Resevior: Herbivores and carnivors 
Infective Form: Metacercaria 
Mode: Ingestion
53
Q

Fasciolopsis Buski Description

A 
Common: Giant Intestinal Fluke
1. Intestinal upset/obstruction
2. Toxemia and inflammation
Treatment: Praziquantel, Niclosamide
Geographical: Southeast Asia/India
54
Q

Fasciolopsis Buski Life Cycle

A 
Habitat: Small Intestine
Intermediate: 
1. Snail
2. Aquatic Vegetation
Reservoir: Pigs, Dogs, Rabbits
Infective Form: Metacercaria
Mode: Ingestion
55
Q

Clonorchis Sinensis Description

A 
Common: Chinese Liver Fluke
Path: 
- Cirrhosis: bile duct swelling/blockage
- Multiple infections
Treatment: Praziquantel, Chloroquine, Bithione
Geographical: Asia
56
Q

Clonorchis Sinensis Life Cycle

A 
Habitat: Bile Passages
Intermediate: 
1. Snail 
2. Fish
Reservoir: Piscivores
Infective: Metacercaria 
Mode: Ingestion
57
Q

Schistosoma Species

A 
Common: Blood Fluke
Path: Schistosomiasis also as Bilharzia or snail fever
Cercarial: 
- Eosinophilla Toxicity
- Abdominal Edema and ascities
- Intestinal Ulcerations/necrosis
Treatment: 
- Praziquantel/Oxamniquine
- Metrifonate
58
Q

Lab Identification of Schistomsoma japonicum

A

Feces

59
Q

Lab Identification of Schistomsoma mansoni

A

Feces

60
Q

Lab Identification of Schistomsoma haematobium

A

Urine

61
Q

Schistosoma Mansoni Description

A 
Habitat: Venules of the Large Intestine
Common: Manson's Blood Fluke
Path: 
- Abdominal px, cramping, diarrhea, bloody stools
- Hepatosplenomegaly

Geographic: South/Central America, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Africa

62
Q

Smallpox

A
  • DNA Virus
  • Synchronous progression
    Rash-macules-vesicles-pustules -scabs (hand/feet lesions)
  • Lab: scrape vesicles/pustules
  • -
63
Q

Measles Virus

A
  • RNA Virus
  • P2P contact w/respiratory secretion/High contagious
  • sympt: high fever, cough, rhinitis, red eyes, macropapular rash
  • 10-12 days after exposure and last 7-10 days
  • Exposures 4 before 4
64
Q

Candida Albicans

A
  • Yeast
  • Epid:
    • Normal Flora of mouth, throat/large intestine/ vagina/skin
    • opportunistic/can cause major issues in immunocompromised
Opportunistic: 
1, Oral Thrush 
2. Vaginitis
3. Cutaneous 
4. Nails (onychomycosis)
5. Chronic oropharyngeal esophogeal candidiasis
6 Systemic: 
Bronchial/pulmonary
Septicemia
65
Q

Cryptococcus Neoformans

A
  • Yeast w/ Thick capsule
  • Inhalation of yeast, affect pulmonary
  • Effects CNS- Affinity for brain meninges (more common AIDS)
  • Lab:
  • India Ink of CSF
66
Q

Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton

A
  • Dematophytic Molds
  • Causes
    • Scalp Ringworm
    • Athletes Foot
    • Jock itch
  • KOH
67
Q

Sporothrix Schenckii

A
  • “Rose Garden Disease”
  • Subcutaneous Fungus
  • Primary Lesions/Secondary Lesions affecting lymph
68
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum

A
  • Spore inhalation from bird droppings (warm, moist soil)
  • Mississippi and Ohio River Valley
  • Flu-like, local pulmonary lesions
  • Macrophages reproduction <1
  • Lab: Sputum, biposy and scrapping of lesion
69
Q

Coccidioides Immitis

A
  • Inhalation of spores
  • Semi-arid (hot dry, alkaline soil )
  • San Joaquin Valley Fever, Valley Fever, Desert fever
  • Pulmonary Lesions/Flu-like 98%
    • Lab: Sputum, biposy and scrapping of lesion
70
Q

Aspergillus

A
  • Inhalation of spores
  • Creates bronchial mass
  • Problematic immunosuppressed patients
71
Q

Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia

A
  • Pneumonia in Immuno-suppressed
  • Risk increase when CD4 less than 200
  • Diagnosis w/ chest x-ray arterial oxy level
72
Q

Transport Time- Routine

A

within 2 hrs

73
Q

Transport Time- Urine

A

within 1 hr or refrigerate

74
Q

Transport Time- CSF

A

immediately

75
Q

Transport Time- Anaerobes

A

Immediately if not in anaerobic transporter device, otherwise 2 hrs

76
Q

Transport Time- Urethral exudate

A

Immediate, transport in device

77
Q

Transport Time- Virus Culture

A

Immediate (lab may freeze)

78
Q

Transport Time- Blood for Ig testing

A

within 2 hrs

79
Q

Predominant normal flora of respiratory tract

A

1) alpha and Gamma Streptococcus w/ S. Pneumonia
2) Neisseria Spp (GNDC)
3) Staphylococcus spp (GPC) other than aureus

80
Q

Predominant pathogens of upper respiratory

A

1) Group A Strep- Pharyngitis
2) Steptococcus Pneumonia– sinusitis, otis media
3) Haemophilis influenza (children)- Epiglottitis, otis media

81
Q

Predominant pathogens of lower respiratory tract

A

1) Step Pneumonia- Pneumonia
2) Mycoplasma Pneumonia- Pneumonia
3) Haemophilis influenza- adults

82
Q

Normal Flora of Gastrointestinal Tract

A

1) Bacteroides spp
2) Enterobacteriaceac
3) Enterococcus

83
Q

Predominant Pathogens of Gastrointestinal Tract

A

1) Campylobacter jejuni
2) Samonella enteritidis (typhi less frequent)
3) Shigella Species

84
Q

Normal Flora of Skin, wounds and tissue abscesses

A

1) staphylococcus spp.
2) Corynebacterium spp
3) Propionibacterium spp
4) Candida Albicans

85
Q

Predominant pathogens of Skin, wounds and tissue abscesses

A

1) Staphylococcus Aureus
2) Group A Streptococcus
3) Escherichia coli

86
Q

Normal Flora of genital tract

A

Male & female

1) Staphylococcus spp
2) Corynebacterium spp.

Female:

1) Various GNB
2) Various Anaerobes
3) Streotococci

87
Q

Predominant Pathogens (STD) of genital tract

A

1) chlamydia trachonmatis
2) Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
3) Herpes Simplex

88
Q

Predominant pathogens of Urinary Tract

A

1) Escherichia coli
2) Staphylococcus saphrophyticus
3) Enterococcus spp

89
Q

Predominant pathogens of Blood cultures

A

1) Staphylococcus aureus (24%)
2) Coag-neg stapylococci (epidermidis) 15%
3) Escherichia coli- 11%

90
Q

Predominant pathogens recovered from CSF

A

1) Streptococcus Pneumonia (leading in all ages)
2) Neisseria meningitidis (4-30yrs)
3) Haemophilis Influenzae (unvaccinated infants/young children)
4) Enterobacteriacea

IPAP Micro Chance (3 decks)

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