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IPAP Micro Chance > Module 1 : Introduction to the Immune Response > Flashcards

Module 1 : Introduction to the Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

Immunology?

A

study of chemical and cellular defense against foreign substances

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2
Q

Immunity?

A

body’s resistance to disease causing microorganisms/damage by foreign substances

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3
Q

Describe Innate Host Response

A

(Natural/Native Immunity)
Non- specific, general recognition and response to foreign substances. Physical and chemical barriers

Route of transmission, portal, entry and type of microbe determines immune response

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4
Q

Describe Adaptive Immunity Response

A

(Aquired/Induced)

1) Specific response to substance
2) Pre-commited cells and tissues respond

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5
Q

What is an Antigen?

A

(Ag) Foreign substance, can be microorganism

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6
Q

What is an Antibody?

A

(Ab) Antigen specific proteins that bind to antigen and assist in inactivating the antigen

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7
Q

What are Phagocytles?

A

Certain white blood cells that kill and ingest microorganisms

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8
Q

What anatomical structures assist in immune response?

A

Lymph Nodes/Spleen

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9
Q

Name the cells that can be created from a stem cell in the bone marrow

A

Erythrocyte, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Monocyte, Lymphocytes

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10
Q

Explain the purpose and function of Neutrophils

A

1) Primary Phagocytic cells
2) Mature at the rate of 10 to the 10th per day
3 Circulate

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11
Q

What do Eosinophils do?

A

Respond to allergic responses

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12
Q

What part to Basophils play in the body?

A

Involved in the inflammatory process

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13
Q

What cells can Lymphocytes be turned into?

A

T-Cell, B-Cell

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14
Q

Describe the functions of Lymphocytes

A

Amount: 10 to the 9th created per day

Completes Cycle of circulation in 1-2 Days

Only 1% of lymphocytes are in the circulating blood/rest in the spleen/lymphs

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15
Q

Macrophages

A

1) Previously a Monocyte
2) Largest phagocytic cells, not as numerous
3) Broad-specificity of receptors
4) Major Line of Defense
5) APC (Antigen Presenting Cell)

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16
Q

Phagocytosis?

A

Antigenic substance being engulfed and digested by certain WBC

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17
Q

Two Major WBCs involved in Phagocytosis

A

Macrophage/Neutrophil

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18
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement of phagocye towards site of inflammation/intrusion, called by cellular products

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19
Q

Describe the 4 steps of phagocytosis

A

1) Chemotaxis
2) Adhereance
3) Ingestion
4) Digestion

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20
Q

Explain Adhereance

A

Phagocyte adheres to antigen intruder/hindered by bacterial capsule/surface protein

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21
Q

Explain Ingestion

A

Surrounds foreign material/encloses material by Phagosome

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22
Q

Explain Digestion

A

1) Lysosomes (cytoplasmic granules) with powerful digestive enzymes are created
2) Lysosomes combine w/ Phagosome to be phagolysosomes which destroys the enemy
3) Waste Discharged

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23
Q

Describe an Epitope

A

Specific part of the immunogen that specifies or determines that exact with the antibody being produced

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24
Q

Antigenic Determinant Site Processes

A

1) Epitope combines with a specific antibody or T-Cell receptor
2) Different epitopes will produces slightly different antibodies
3) quality of the epitope is based on exposure of the immune system & CD shape

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25
Q

What does (Ig) stand for?

A

Immunoglobulins/Antibody

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26
Q

What are the general characteristics of Ig?

A

Produced by Plasma cells/Account for 20% total of plasma proteins/5 Classes
Ig: ADEGM

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27
Q

Describe the 3 basic structure characteristics of Immunoglobulins

A

1) Y Shaped
2) Fab site- antigen binding sites (2, lock & key at distal end of Fc)
3) Fc region attaches to phagocyte

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28
Q

How many chains exist in a Ig?

A

2 light chains, 2 heavy chains

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29
Q

What bond holds these chains together?

A

Disulfide bonds

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30
Q

What part of the chains determine the class of immunoglobulin?

A

3-4 Constant regions

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31
Q

What two Immunoglobulin classes have complimentary binding sites?

A

Ig M, Ig G

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32
Q

What region makes contact with the receptor of the antigen?

A

Variable Region

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33
Q

What are the two anatomical structures where antigen processing and immune response takes place?

A

Lymph Nodes/Spleen

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34
Q

Explain how the Antigen Material interact with the immune system?

A

Antigen processing through the lymoph nodes and spleen in a filtering manner to activate the adaptive immunity.

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35
Q

Explain MALT/GALT/Tonsils/BALT

A

Mucosal Associated Lymphatic Tissue

Gut “”

Bronchus

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36
Q

Define MHC

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex Proteins- proteins on the surface of cells to determine Recognition of Self/Non-self

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37
Q

MHC Class I

A

Found on virtually every cell in the body

38
Q

How do T-Cells Recognize antigens?

A

When they are presented their material by MHC II molecules

39
Q

How are Lymphocytes identified and differentiated?

A

Clusters of Differentiation which are protein complexes on the surface/serve a receptor sites/identify different stages of development

40
Q

What happens during maturation of lymophocytes?

A

Pre-programmed to respond to specific antigens

41
Q

What are antigen specific surface receptors?

A

T-Cell: TCR

B-Cell: BCR

42
Q

Define Immune Tolerance

A

mature lymphocytes will be tolerant of antigens on our own self MHC molecules

43
Q

T-Cell Marker: CD3

A

Identifies mature cell

44
Q

T-Cell Marker: CD28

A

Co-Activation from CD80/86 on APC

45
Q

T-Cell Marker: CD40

A

Receptor on CD4 Cell (T-Cell Helper) Binds with CD-40 on B-Cell

46
Q

T-Cell Marker: LFA

A

Leukocyte Function Associated- Adhesion molecule on T-Cells

47
Q

Where do the Majority of Mature t-Cells reside in the body?

A

99% in the Lymph/Spleen, 1% in the blood

48
Q

Where do the majority of B -Cells reside?

A

Concentrated in pheripheral lymphoid tissues, MALT, lymph tissues, bone marrow

49
Q

B-Cell Surface Marker: CD40

A

Significant for binding with certain T-Lymphocytes

50
Q

B-Cell Marker: CD19 ,20, 21

A

Identification

51
Q

B-Cell Marker: CD80/86

A

Produced when B-Cell acts as APC/used in binding to T-Cells

52
Q

What other cells can B- Lymophocytes be turned into?

A

Plasma Cells which create Immunoglobulins

53
Q

What are all the APCs?

A

Macrophages, Dendrites, B-Cells

54
Q

How do Antigen Presenting Cells place the Antigen on its MHC II?

A

Place some of the digested or picked upantigen on their MHC II molecule

55
Q

What is the binding molecule for CD2?

A

LFA-3

56
Q

What does the structure of Dendritic cells most resemble?

A

Spider shape, dendrites which increase the surface area

57
Q

What are Dendrites very significant role?

A

Initiating antigen specific T-Cell responces

58
Q

Where are the most frequent Dendritic cells found?

A

Lymph Nodes/Spleen: Interdigitating Dendritic cells

59
Q

Name the 4 Other Dendritic cell locations and names

A

1) Alveolar Macrophage-Lung
2) Kupffer Cells- Liver
3) Microgial Cells- Brain
4) Langerhans Cells- Skin

60
Q

What are the Cytokine Products of Cells?

A

Proteins which act as chemical mediators of the immune system to cause or enhance certain actions or functions of the immune system

61
Q

Define Chemical Mediators

A

Chemical which activate or control the cells of the immune system

62
Q

What is the name of cytokines that are produced by Lymphocytes?

A

Lymphokines

63
Q

What are Monokines

A

Cytokines produced by macrophages

64
Q

Cytokines: MIF

A

Macrophage Inhibition factor: T-Cells produce

65
Q

Cytokines: MAF

A

Macrophage Activating Factor: T-Cells Produce

66
Q

What is the activity of the Colony Stimulating Factor?

A

t-cells/other produces: Stimulates production/function of granulocytes and macrophages

67
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factor

A

Inflammation: Kills tumor cells/enhances phagocytosis

68
Q

Interferon, IF-a & B(Beta)

A

Antiviral Activity, enhance MHC-1 activate NK

69
Q

CD16, CD56

A

Cytokines of the Natural Killer Cell

70
Q

Define Class Switching

A

Gene rearrangement leading to the expression of a new heavy chain class without altering specificity of the FAB

71
Q

Plasma Cells

A

Immunoglobulin-Producing progeny of the B-lymphocyte

72
Q

What is the Opsoning Effect?

A

Enhances the ingestion of target cells by phagocytes

73
Q

What are Mast Cells?

A

Tissue cell that has a high affinity receptors for IgE which created inflammatory chemical mediators in allergy.

74
Q

What is the Chemotactic Factor of Chemotaxis? What does it do

A

C5a- Directs migration of WBCs toward the area of inflammation

75
Q

What Component increases the adherence of phagocytes to the antigen?

A

C3b- enhances phagocytosis

76
Q

What is Cytolysis?

A

Destruction of cells by means of membrane Attack Complexes

77
Q

What is the size, lifespan, and concentration of IgA?

A

Size: Medium (400), dimer
Lifespan: 6 Days
Concen: Moderate (200mg), 15%

78
Q

What is the size, lifespan, and concentration of IgE?

A

Size: Medium (190) Monomer
Lifespan: 1.5-2 Days
Concen: 0.05mg, 0.002%

79
Q

What is the size, lifespan, and concentration of IgG?

A

Size: Smallest, 150
Lifespan: 23 Days, years
Concen: Highest (1000 mg/dL) 80-85%

80
Q

What is the size, lifespan, and concentration of IgM?

A

Size: Largest, 970, pentamer
Lifespan: Short 5 Days, serveral weeks
Concen: 120mg/dL, 5-10%

81
Q

What is the size, lifespan, and concentration of IgD?

A

Size: Small, (180) Monomer

On surface of B-Lymphocyte

82
Q

What is the function and timing of IgM?

A

Primary Response: 5-10 Days
Returns to Low level in 30 Days
Function: Opsonizing Effect , Bloodstream Defense, Activates Compliment, important for primary response

83
Q

What is the function and timing of IgD?

A

B-Lymphocyte

84
Q

What is the function and timing of IgA?

A

Almost immediate Response (No difference between primary/secondary) / Increase after some delay

Provides defense through mucosal surfaces, prevents antigen attachment, no compliment, transfers to child.

85
Q

What is the function and timing of IgE?

A

Produced with 1st encounter with allergen, attaches to mast cells to release histamines

Increased production in parasitic infections , no complement, responsible for contact hypersensitivity

86
Q

What is the function and timing of IgG?

A

Primary Response: More than 10 Days
Secondary Response: 1-3 Days
Stays high for weeks/months

Functions: Major protection during secondary response/Highly specific for the antigen/provides protection against circulating bacteria/viruses/responsible for neutralization of toxins

Transfered to placenta, activates complement

87
Q

Describe Active Immunity

A
  • Direct stimulation of host system
  • Duration: Long Lasting due to Memory Cells
  • Primed for secondary response
88
Q

Describe Passive Immunity

A
  • Transfer of Pre-Formed imm./cells from a donor to host (HOST DOES NOT PARTICIPATE)
  • Duration: Short Lived
  • Not Primed for secondary response
89
Q

Active Natural Immunity?

A

Active infection causes host to produce immunoglobulins in response/repeated contact enhances the protection

90
Q

Passive Natural Immunity

A

Performed Immunoglobulins aquired by placental transport of Mothers Ig to fetus or through colostrum

91
Q

Artificial Active

A

Host produces Ig to immunization

92
Q

Artificial Passive

A

Pre-formed Ig quired by injection of antiserum/antitoxin

IPAP Micro Chance (3 decks)

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