Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

IPAP Micro Chance > Module 1 : Introduction to the Immune Response > Flashcards

Module 1 : Introduction to the Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

Immunology?

A

study of chemical and cellular defense against foreign substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Immunity?

A

body’s resistance to disease causing microorganisms/damage by foreign substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe Innate Host Response

A

(Natural/Native Immunity)
Non- specific, general recognition and response to foreign substances. Physical and chemical barriers

Route of transmission, portal, entry and type of microbe determines immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe Adaptive Immunity Response

A

(Aquired/Induced)

1) Specific response to substance
2) Pre-commited cells and tissues respond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an Antigen?

A

(Ag) Foreign substance, can be microorganism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an Antibody?

A

(Ab) Antigen specific proteins that bind to antigen and assist in inactivating the antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are Phagocytles?

A

Certain white blood cells that kill and ingest microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What anatomical structures assist in immune response?

A

Lymph Nodes/Spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name the cells that can be created from a stem cell in the bone marrow

A

Erythrocyte, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Monocyte, Lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain the purpose and function of Neutrophils

A

1) Primary Phagocytic cells
2) Mature at the rate of 10 to the 10th per day
3 Circulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do Eosinophils do?

A

Respond to allergic responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What part to Basophils play in the body?

A

Involved in the inflammatory process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What cells can Lymphocytes be turned into?

A

T-Cell, B-Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the functions of Lymphocytes

A

Amount: 10 to the 9th created per day

Completes Cycle of circulation in 1-2 Days

Only 1% of lymphocytes are in the circulating blood/rest in the spleen/lymphs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Macrophages

A

1) Previously a Monocyte
2) Largest phagocytic cells, not as numerous
3) Broad-specificity of receptors
4) Major Line of Defense
5) APC (Antigen Presenting Cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Phagocytosis?

A

Antigenic substance being engulfed and digested by certain WBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Two Major WBCs involved in Phagocytosis

A

Macrophage/Neutrophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement of phagocye towards site of inflammation/intrusion, called by cellular products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the 4 steps of phagocytosis

A

1) Chemotaxis
2) Adhereance
3) Ingestion
4) Digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain Adhereance

A

Phagocyte adheres to antigen intruder/hindered by bacterial capsule/surface protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Explain Ingestion

A

Surrounds foreign material/encloses material by Phagosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Explain Digestion

A

1) Lysosomes (cytoplasmic granules) with powerful digestive enzymes are created
2) Lysosomes combine w/ Phagosome to be phagolysosomes which destroys the enemy
3) Waste Discharged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe an Epitope

A

Specific part of the immunogen that specifies or determines that exact with the antibody being produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Antigenic Determinant Site Processes

A

1) Epitope combines with a specific antibody or T-Cell receptor
2) Different epitopes will produces slightly different antibodies
3) quality of the epitope is based on exposure of the immune system & CD shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What does (Ig) stand for?
Immunoglobulins/Antibody
26
What are the general characteristics of Ig?
Produced by Plasma cells/Account for 20% total of plasma proteins/5 Classes Ig: ADEGM
27
Describe the 3 basic structure characteristics of Immunoglobulins
1) Y Shaped 2) Fab site- antigen binding sites (2, lock & key at distal end of Fc) 3) Fc region attaches to phagocyte
28
How many chains exist in a Ig?
2 light chains, 2 heavy chains
29
What bond holds these chains together?
Disulfide bonds
30
What part of the chains determine the class of immunoglobulin?
3-4 Constant regions
31
What two Immunoglobulin classes have complimentary binding sites?
Ig M, Ig G
32
What region makes contact with the receptor of the antigen?
Variable Region
33
What are the two anatomical structures where antigen processing and immune response takes place?
Lymph Nodes/Spleen
34
Explain how the Antigen Material interact with the immune system?
Antigen processing through the lymoph nodes and spleen in a filtering manner to activate the adaptive immunity.
35
Explain MALT/GALT/Tonsils/BALT
Mucosal Associated Lymphatic Tissue Gut "" Bronchus
36
Define MHC
Major Histocompatibility Complex Proteins- proteins on the surface of cells to determine Recognition of Self/Non-self
37
MHC Class I
Found on virtually every cell in the body
38
How do T-Cells Recognize antigens?
When they are presented their material by MHC II molecules
39
How are Lymphocytes identified and differentiated?
Clusters of Differentiation which are protein complexes on the surface/serve a receptor sites/identify different stages of development
40
What happens during maturation of lymophocytes?
Pre-programmed to respond to specific antigens
41
What are antigen specific surface receptors?
T-Cell: TCR | B-Cell: BCR
42
Define Immune Tolerance
mature lymphocytes will be tolerant of antigens on our own self MHC molecules
43
T-Cell Marker: CD3
Identifies mature cell
44
T-Cell Marker: CD28
Co-Activation from CD80/86 on APC
45
T-Cell Marker: CD40
Receptor on CD4 Cell (T-Cell Helper) Binds with CD-40 on B-Cell
46
T-Cell Marker: LFA
Leukocyte Function Associated- Adhesion molecule on T-Cells
47
Where do the Majority of Mature t-Cells reside in the body?
99% in the Lymph/Spleen, 1% in the blood
48
Where do the majority of B -Cells reside?
Concentrated in pheripheral lymphoid tissues, MALT, lymph tissues, bone marrow
49
B-Cell Surface Marker: CD40
Significant for binding with certain T-Lymphocytes
50
B-Cell Marker: CD19 ,20, 21
Identification
51
B-Cell Marker: CD80/86
Produced when B-Cell acts as APC/used in binding to T-Cells
52
What other cells can B- Lymophocytes be turned into?
Plasma Cells which create Immunoglobulins
53
What are all the APCs?
Macrophages, Dendrites, B-Cells
54
How do Antigen Presenting Cells place the Antigen on its MHC II?
Place some of the digested or picked upantigen on their MHC II molecule
55
What is the binding molecule for CD2?
LFA-3
56
What does the structure of Dendritic cells most resemble?
Spider shape, dendrites which increase the surface area
57
What are Dendrites very significant role?
Initiating antigen specific T-Cell responces
58
Where are the most frequent Dendritic cells found?
Lymph Nodes/Spleen: Interdigitating Dendritic cells
59
Name the 4 Other Dendritic cell locations and names
1) Alveolar Macrophage-Lung 2) Kupffer Cells- Liver 3) Microgial Cells- Brain 4) Langerhans Cells- Skin
60
What are the Cytokine Products of Cells?
Proteins which act as chemical mediators of the immune system to cause or enhance certain actions or functions of the immune system
61
Define Chemical Mediators
Chemical which activate or control the cells of the immune system
62
What is the name of cytokines that are produced by Lymphocytes?
Lymphokines
63
What are Monokines
Cytokines produced by macrophages
64
Cytokines: MIF
Macrophage Inhibition factor: T-Cells produce
65
Cytokines: MAF
Macrophage Activating Factor: T-Cells Produce
66
What is the activity of the Colony Stimulating Factor?
t-cells/other produces: Stimulates production/function of granulocytes and macrophages
67
Tumor Necrosis Factor
Inflammation: Kills tumor cells/enhances phagocytosis
68
Interferon, IF-a & B(Beta)
Antiviral Activity, enhance MHC-1 activate NK
69
CD16, CD56
Cytokines of the Natural Killer Cell
70
Define Class Switching
Gene rearrangement leading to the expression of a new heavy chain class without altering specificity of the FAB
71
Plasma Cells
Immunoglobulin-Producing progeny of the B-lymphocyte
72
What is the Opsoning Effect?
Enhances the ingestion of target cells by phagocytes
73
What are Mast Cells?
Tissue cell that has a high affinity receptors for IgE which created inflammatory chemical mediators in allergy.
74
What is the Chemotactic Factor of Chemotaxis? What does it do
C5a- Directs migration of WBCs toward the area of inflammation
75
What Component increases the adherence of phagocytes to the antigen?
C3b- enhances phagocytosis
76
What is Cytolysis?
Destruction of cells by means of membrane Attack Complexes
77
What is the size, lifespan, and concentration of IgA?
Size: Medium (400), dimer Lifespan: 6 Days Concen: Moderate (200mg), 15%
78
What is the size, lifespan, and concentration of IgE?
Size: Medium (190) Monomer Lifespan: 1.5-2 Days Concen: 0.05mg, 0.002%
79
What is the size, lifespan, and concentration of IgG?
Size: Smallest, 150 Lifespan: 23 Days, years Concen: Highest (1000 mg/dL) 80-85%
80
What is the size, lifespan, and concentration of IgM?
Size: Largest, 970, pentamer Lifespan: Short 5 Days, serveral weeks Concen: 120mg/dL, 5-10%
81
What is the size, lifespan, and concentration of IgD?
Size: Small, (180) Monomer | On surface of B-Lymphocyte
82
What is the function and timing of IgM?
Primary Response: 5-10 Days Returns to Low level in 30 Days Function: Opsonizing Effect , Bloodstream Defense, Activates Compliment, important for primary response
83
What is the function and timing of IgD?
B-Lymphocyte
84
What is the function and timing of IgA?
Almost immediate Response (No difference between primary/secondary) / Increase after some delay Provides defense through mucosal surfaces, prevents antigen attachment, no compliment, transfers to child.
85
What is the function and timing of IgE?
Produced with 1st encounter with allergen, attaches to mast cells to release histamines Increased production in parasitic infections , no complement, responsible for contact hypersensitivity
86
What is the function and timing of IgG?
Primary Response: More than 10 Days Secondary Response: 1-3 Days Stays high for weeks/months Functions: Major protection during secondary response/Highly specific for the antigen/provides protection against circulating bacteria/viruses/responsible for neutralization of toxins Transfered to placenta, activates complement
87
Describe Active Immunity
- Direct stimulation of host system - Duration: Long Lasting due to Memory Cells - Primed for secondary response
88
Describe Passive Immunity
- Transfer of Pre-Formed imm./cells from a donor to host (HOST DOES NOT PARTICIPATE) - Duration: Short Lived - Not Primed for secondary response
89
Active Natural Immunity?
Active infection causes host to produce immunoglobulins in response/repeated contact enhances the protection
90
Passive Natural Immunity
Performed Immunoglobulins aquired by placental transport of Mothers Ig to fetus or through colostrum
91
Artificial Active
Host produces Ig to immunization
92
Artificial Passive
Pre-formed Ig quired by injection of antiserum/antitoxin

IPAP Micro Chance (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions