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Clinical Microbiology > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Protozoa

A

Single celled, organized cell structure
May ingest solid particles
Require aquatic environment
Reproduce by binary fission at some point in their life cycle
Classified based on their means of locomotion

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2
Q

Helminths

A

Multicellular, macroscopic, organized internal structure

Flatworms and roundworms

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3
Q

Ectoparasites

A

Insects and arachnida found on the skin

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4
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

Disease ranges from asymptomatic, to diarrhea, to dysentery, to liver disease (amoebic abscesses)
Transmission is fecal-oral, contaminated water/food
Ingest RBCs

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5
Q

Entamoeba dispar

A

Morphologically identical to E. histolytica but does not cause disease

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6
Q

Dysentery

A

From E. histolytic burrowing into the colonic wall and making ulcers that bleed

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7
Q

Giardia Phylum and Order

A

P: Metamonada
O: Diplomonadida

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8
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

Propelled by flagella
Have shape because of rigid outer wall
Disease rangers from asymptomatic to acute or chronic diarrhea
Transmission: fecal-oral, waterborne, world wide
Diagnosis: microscopy of stool sample or antigen detection in stool using EIA
Troph and cyst form

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9
Q

Giardia mode of disease

A

Coats the inside of the small bowel and flattens the wall
Cannot absorb the nutrients you’ve ingested
Stools are bulky and floating
Can last a couple of months

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10
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Order: Trichomonadida
Causes vaginitis in females, males are most asymptomatic carriers
Sexual transmission
Detection: microscopy of discharge (wet mount for live, or gram stained for non viable), can culture
Non pathogenic spp are found in the oral cavity and gut
NO cyst form!!

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11
Q

African Trypanosomiasis

A 
Phylum: Euglenozoa, Order: Trypanosomatida
African sleeping sickness
Fever and encephalitis
Transmitted by tse tse fly
Detect via blood smears and serology
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12
Q

South American Trypanosomiasis

A

Phylum: Euglenozoa, Order: Trypanosomatida
Chaga’s disease
Cardiac complications
Transmitted by reduvid bug
Bites around the eye, you scratch feces with parasites into the wound
Detect via blood smears and serology

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13
Q

Leishmania

A

Causes leishmaniasis
Cutaneous ulcers or visceral infiltration (hepatosplenomegaly)
From sandfly bite

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14
Q

Phylum Apicomplexa

A

Mature forms are non motile
Obligate intracellular parasites
Complex life cycles
Diseases: Malaria, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis

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15
Q

Malaria

A

Plasmodium spp
Diseases: episodic fevers (when they get into the blood), anemia (from RBC rupture) - life threatening
Transmitted via mosquito bites
Detected by blood film

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16
Q

Cryptosporidium spp

A

Disease: watery diarrhea (usually only lasts a week or so, longer in immunosuppressed)
Transmission: fecal oral, water borne, animals, world wide distribution
Detection: microscopy of stool using special stains (acid fast), or detection of antigen in stool using EIA
There are drugs to treat it now

17
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A

Mostly asymptomatic infections but new infection in pregnancy causes fetal malformations; also infection in immunosuppressed
Transmitted by poorly cooked meat, from cat stool, rarely water
Detection by serology

18
Q

Cestodes

A 
Tapeworms
Ribbon lide, segmented
No digestive system, adult attached to gut wall by scolex, larval form in tissues
Hermaphrodites
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
19
Q

Cestode life cycle

A

Definitive host: gut contains adult worms which produce ova, passed to environment and ingested by the intermediate host where they tissues contain larval stage
Definitive host eats intermediate host, and larval form develops into the adult worm in the gut

20
Q

Taenia infections

A

T saginata (beef) and T solium (pork)
Disease: abdominal discomfort when definitive host
Transmission by larval forms ingested in food
Detection by identification of ova or adult segments in stool
Some cestodes infect humans by the adult forms in the gut, some infect by larval form in tissues, and some infect by both

21
Q

Cysticercosis

A

T. solium larvae in tissues
Cysts throughout the body tissues
Transmission by ingested ova
Detection by serology, x ray, ultrasound, and other methods to detect mass lesions

22
Q

Trematoda

A

Leaf shaped, hermaphrodite, primitive gut, suckers for attachment
Has 2 intermediate hosts

23
Q

Schistosoma spp

A 
Causes schistosomiasis
Effects of inflammation, hematuria
Transmission by penetration of the skin
Detection by ova in the stool/urine depending on species
Snail is intermediate host
Separate sexes
24
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Phylum: Nemathelminthes

Separate sexes, GI tract

25
Q

Nematode disease

A

Abdominal pain/discomfort
Transmission by fecal oral route
Detection by recognition of ova using stool microscopy or identification of adult worms

26
Q

Hookworms

A

Chronic blood loss (a lot of worms attached)
Larvae penetrate skin*
Detection by identification of ova or larvae in stool
Can get malnutrition

27
Q

Cutaneous Larva Migrans

A

Animal hookworm infection
A risk of travel to the Caribbean: walking barefoot on beaches shared with defecating cats and dogs
Penetrate skin and wander through your tissues
Get immune response and intense itching (serpiginous rash)
Lasts for a while

28
Q

Filaria

A

Causes filariasis
Fevers, elephatiasis (swelling and deformity of the limbs, genitalia)
Adult lives in and damages the lymphatic drainage
Larvae are released into blood
Transmitted by mosquitoes
Detection by parasite larvae stained on blood film

29
Q

Insects

A

6 legs

Fleas, head/body/pubic lice, bedbugs

30
Q

Arachnida

A

8 legs, but can have 6 in immature form

Ticks, mites

31
Q

What is special about bedbugs?

A

Not vectors of disease!!

32
Q

Endo vs ecto parasites

A

Endo: parasites that live within another organism
Ecto: parasites that live on the external surface of another living organism

33
Q

Parasite definition

A

A living organism that acquires some or all of its basic nutritional requirements through intimate contact with another living organism

34
Q

Definitive vs Intermediate host

A

D: organism in which the adult or sexually mature stage of the parasite lives
I: organism in which the parasite lives during a period of its development only

35
Q

Zoonosis

A

A parasitic disease in which an animal is normally the host, but which also infects humans

36
Q

4 adaptations to a parasitic existence

A 
Loss of structures or enzymes (GI tract)
Increased reproductive ability
Development of pathogenic adaptations (ex: mechanism of attachment)
Defense mechanisms (ex: resistance to digestion by nematodes)

Clinical Microbiology (25 decks)

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