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paras Lecture > paras intro pt II > Flashcards

paras intro pt II Flashcards

1
Q

Host has (a) _____ and (b) _____ immune defense

A

a.) natural (non-specific)
b.) acquired (specific)

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2
Q

● First-line of Defense
● Natural physical barriers to the entry of the parasite into the body
● Built in so that any type of microorganism will not be successful in
establishing itself in the host
● Includes natural defense system and cellular defense system
● Advantages: many barriers; present all the time
● Disadvantage: effectivity is low

A

Non-specific Defense

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3
Q

non- specific defenses or First line defense

A

-Intact skin
-Low pH
-Mucus secretions
-Chemical components of various body fluids
-Physiological functions
-Tight junctions between epithelial cells

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4
Q

○ Provides effective surface protection against microbial invasion

A

Intact skin

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5
Q

can synthesize
a protein that aids in skin penetration

A

Filariform larva and Strongyloides

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6
Q

can penetrate skin because of the glands in its anterior part which secrete lytic enzymes

A

Schistosoma cercariae

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7
Q

Present a hostile environment to many microorganisms

A

Low pH

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8
Q

unable to survive the
acidic environment of the vagina

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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9
Q

protected from the acidic
environment by thick egg shells

A

Ascaris,Trichuris and Taenia spp.

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10
Q

Provide external barriers to parasites entry

A

Mucus secretion

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11
Q

○ Lipase of breast milk is toxic to Giardia lamblia in vitro
○ Lysozyme found in tears and saliva is able to destroy microorganisms

A

Chemical components of various body
fluids

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12
Q

● Peristalsis, motion of cilia, and human reflexes all serve to expel parasites
● Coughing enables expectoration of aberrantly situated adult Ascaris
lumbricoides and eggs of Paragonimus westermani
● Flushing action of urine decreases the numbers of Trichomonas vag

A

Physiologic functions

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13
Q

● Prevent passage of all but the smallest molecules
○ If the parasite can overcome physical barriers, a second host defense comes into play. The
penetration of the body’s barriers results in a series of events that facilitate sensing of the
invading parasite via pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or through pattern recognition
responses which enable the body to mount an immune response.

A

Tight junctions between epithelial cells

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14
Q
  • Once the host is infected and exposed to parasite antigens, this stimulates an acquired specific response against the antigen
  • Can recognize self from non-self; has memory; specific
  • The antigen may be present in just one developmental stage of the parasite, or in all its stages, or in all members of a genus
A

Specific Defense

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15
Q

-Specific marker for entering in our system (eg. bacteria, virus etc). A foreign substance that enters your body.

A

Antigen

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16
Q

protein produced by your immune system to attack and fight off.

A

Antibody

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17
Q

Specific Defense response in two fold

A

(1) antibody dependent or humoral
(2) antibody independent or cell-mediated

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18
Q

Development of antibody first before recognize the species

A

Antibody dependent or humoral

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19
Q

Cell mediated or rely in antigen to mobilized the pathogen

A

antibody independent or cell mediated

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20
Q

body detects and eliminates pathogens through non-specific mechanisms

A

Innate immune response

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21
Q

-Phagocytose invading organism
-innate immune system and represent an important component of the first-line defense against pathogens

A

Macrophages

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22
Q

eliminate pathogens through oxidative killing and
use of toxic peptides

A

Dendritic cells

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23
Q

recognize specific molecules that are
non-native to the body which are activated by a bacterial component

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

24
Q

Binding of a specific ligand to a TLR
causes a cascade of reactions down a common signaling pathway which
produces cytokines

A

Viral RNA (recognized by TLR3)

25
Q

common signaling pathway which
produces cytokines are?

A

Interferon gamma and interleukin-1

26
Q

activate natural killer cells and macrophages, stimulation of
which leads to further production of inflammatory cytokines (pro-inflammatory), and co-stimulatory molecules

A

Interferon gamma and interleukins-1

27
Q

develops a person’s immune system responds to a foreign substance or microorganism

A

Acquired immune respose

28
Q

Parts of Acquired Immune Response:

A

→ Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
→ Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
→ T lymphocytes

29
Q

-Primary cells
-Gene products regulate T lymphocyte activities

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

30
Q

Determining Factors

A

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

31
Q

Specific immune response begins when the antigens are presented to the T-helper lymphocytes

A

T Lymphocytes

32
Q

what are the 2 Differentiation or produce different lymphokines

A

-Th1 lymphokines
-Th2 lymphokines

33
Q
  • Produce gamma interferons and interleukin 2; activate cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8) and macrophages
    -B memory cell recognize the antibodies
A

Th1 lymphokines

34
Q

-Produce interleukins 4, 5, & 6 that enhance proliferation and differentiation of B- lymphocytes into plasma cells which produce antibodies
− Antibodies (IgE, IgG, IgM, & IgA) bind with specific parasite antigen

A

Th2 Lymphokines

35
Q

Different type of antibodies

A

-Eosinophilia and elevated serum IgE
-IgE antibodies
-Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

36
Q

Gene products regulate T lymphocyte activities

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

37
Q

common response in most helminthic infections

A

Eosinophilia and elevated serum IgE

38
Q

bound to mucosal mast cells, eosinophils, and goblet cells can
mediate the expulsion of adult GIT helminths

A

IgE antibodies

39
Q

identified on inflammatory
cells involved in cytocidal action

A

Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

40
Q

Parasite Evasion Mechanism

A
  1. Resistance to Immune response
  2. Immune Suppression
  3. Antigenic Variation
  4. Host Mimicry
  5. Intracellular Sequestration
41
Q

parasites that enter the bloodstream or tissue are often able to survive and replicate because they are resistant to the host innate immune response. Parasites in humans are usually resistant to the complement system

A

Resistance to Immune response

42
Q

parasites that can reduce the immune function of macrophages
that result in lower capacity of phagocytosis and defective processing of antigen

A

Immune Suppression

43
Q

WHAT TYPE OF INFECTION: trypomastigotes can produce large
amounts of surface glycoproteins affecting antigenic competition and at the same time impairs B and T lymphocyte activities

A

Trypanosoma brucei infection

44
Q

suppresses macrophage respiratory burst and consequent nitric oxide production, produces a suppressor factor that can inhibit movement of monocytes to the site of invasion (monocyte locomotion
inhibitory factor), and inhibits complement assembly

A

Entamoeba histolytica

45
Q

Major mechanism of passively evading the host immune surveillance by altering
its surface proteins to avoid identification

A

Antigenic Variation

46
Q

surface protein variation has also been observed

A

Giardia lamblia

46
Q

parasites change the antigenic profile of their surface coat through variant surface glycoproteins (VSG)

A

Trypanosoma brucei infection

47
Q

exhibit antigenic diversity through repeat variation of the encoded polypeptides, which contain
tandem sequences of amino acids, as observed in merozoite surface antigen (MSA) and ring infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA)

A

Plasmodium falciparum

48
Q

● Similarities of the parasite and the host enables the parasite to avoid host immune response
● Antibodies produced against the parasite then fail to recognize non-self from self-antigens

A

Host Mimicry

49
Q

Once intracellular, parasites escape immune response

A

Intracellular Sequestration

50
Q

Dysfunction of any of the host defense systems can result in damage to host tissue and produce clinical disease

A

Adverse Effects of Immune Response in Host

51
Q

Damage is usually caused by

A

Hyperactivity

52
Q

Four types reactions of normal immune response to tissue

A

→ Type 1 - Immediate hypersensitivity
→ Type 2 - Immune complex formation
→ Type 3 - Cytotoxic reactions of antibody
→ Type 4 - Delayed-type hypersensitivity

53
Q

Acute infection leads to heart failure and meningoencephalitis; believed to be caused by the intense immune response
damaging the surrounding nerve cells and myocytes

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

54
Q

overproduction of IgM (polyclonal
hypergammaglobulinemia) due to T-suppressor cell (T8) defect; causes large number of immune complexes in Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia (TPE)

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

55
Q

immune complexes are deposited in the basement
membrane of the glomeruli leading to kidney failure and nephritic syndrome; also
occur in Schistosomiasis

A

Plasmodium malariae

56
Q

T-delayed type of hypersensitivity (T-DTH) lymphocytes, when stimulated as in Schistosoma infection, produce attractants of other cells that can recruit other cells to form a granuloma around Schistosoma

A

Schistosoma spp

paras Lecture (5 decks)

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