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Big Rivers > Parana In Depth > Flashcards

Parana In Depth Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the Parana?

A

4000k

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2
Q

What it the total annual sediment load of the Parana?

A

150,000,000 tonnes

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3
Q

What is the main nutrient in the Parana sediment load?

A

Phosphorous

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4
Q

How large is the Parana river basin?

A

2,600,000-km squared

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5
Q

What percentage of the Rio Parana is in Brazil?

A

45.6%

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6
Q

What three fluvial systems create the Rio De La Plata?

A

Parana, Paraguay and Uruguay

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7
Q

What is the most important change in the horizontal file of the river?

A

Sete Quedas falls ( now Itaipu Dam), water drops by 180m over 60km

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8
Q

What is the main tributary of the Parana by water volume?

A

Paraguay

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9
Q

At the confluence of the Paraguay, how much does the discharge of the river increase by?

A

from 11,983-16,941 m cubed

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10
Q

What are the free floating vegetation called that flows down the Parana?

A

Camalotes or Aquapes

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11
Q

What do high amounts of river vegetation cause?

A

Retention of sediments

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12
Q

What is the bed load composition of the upper Parana

A

95% quartz

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13
Q

What was the maximun recorded discharge in the Parana?

A

50,000 m cubed

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14
Q

What causes the Braided pattern of the Parana?

A

high availability of bed load sediment relative to suspended load sediment

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15
Q

What protected the pantanal from early development?

A

Isolation from major cities and populations

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16
Q

Why does the Pantanal face pressures of development?

A

Increased plans by the Brazilian, Bolivian and Paraguayan governments to develop economy in the area

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17
Q

How much of the Pantanal is in Brazil?

A

85%

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18
Q

What does the WWF describe the Pantanal as?

A

Globally outstanding

19
Q

What hinders discussions about environmentalism in the Pantanal?

A

Inseficiant information on economic, ecological, social and hydrological factors

20
Q

Where is the Pantanal situation geographically?

A

The Alto Paraguay Depression, Bra, Uru, Par

21
Q

How is human population distributed in the Pantanal?

A

Concentrated in small urban areas

22
Q

What is the soil quality of the Pantanal?

A

Acidic and have low fertility

23
Q

How long have humans lived in the Pantanal?

A

5000years

24
Q

How many people belonging to the original Guato nation lives in the Pantanal?

A

Just 50

25
Q

What did the Brazilian government introduce in the 1970s to the Pantanal to increase development? (PRODEPAN)

A

Program for the development of the Pantanal

26
Q

What were the aim of the many programs introduced to the Pantanal?

A

The utilisation of the natural resources of the Pantanal and its catchment area

27
Q

What do increased agroindustries do to rivers?

A

Increase sediment load

28
Q

How many hydroelectric dams are on the Pantanal?

A

9 (Generate 323MW)

29
Q

Who wrote the article on the Pantanal?

A

Junk and Cunha 2004

30
Q

What should be avoided in the Pantanal?

A

Construction of reservoirs as they would modify the hydrological regime of the wetlands

31
Q

Which engineering project could cause damage to the Pantanal?

A

The Brazil-Bolivian pipeline

32
Q

When was the Pantanal declared as a UNESCO worlds heritage site?

A

1993

33
Q

What is the esimated cost of the Pantanal per ha?

A

$8500 per ha

34
Q

How large is the Pantanal wetlands?

A

725 sqmiles

35
Q

How many cow farms or Fazendas are in the protected pantanal area?

A

2500

36
Q

What percentage of the Pantanal is privately owned?

A

99%

37
Q

How many bird species are located in the Pantanal?

A

1000

38
Q

what is the main threat to the Pantanal?

A

agriculture

39
Q

How many plant species are in the Pantanal?

A

3500

40
Q

How many mammal species live in the Pantanal?

A

300

41
Q

How does the Pantanal link to the Parana riversystem?

A

It surrounds the Paraguay river, water gaianed over winter is slowly let into the river system over summer, regulating the rivers flow

42
Q

What is the main reserve area of the Pantanal?

A

Pantanal Matogrossense National Park

43
Q

How large is the PMNK

A

520 Sq Miles

Big Rivers (5 decks)

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