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Big Rivers > General Rivers > Flashcards

General Rivers Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Hidrovia Project?

A

Scheme to allow shipping along the Parana river, would be 3,442km

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2
Q

Why was the Hidovia stopped in 1997?

A

Economic benefit was less than the environmental loss

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3
Q

Why did the dissolution of the Hidrovia lead to more problems?

A

Tyranny of small decisions

Many small scale projects lack higher level scrutiny and management

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4
Q

Where is the Rio Parana?

A

South America, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia

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5
Q

What is the discharge of the Rio Parana?

A

16,000 m3/s

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6
Q

What habitat lines the Rio Parana?

A

Wetlands

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7
Q

What natural climate event changes flow in the Parana?

A

El Niño

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8
Q

What poisonous materiel polluted the Brahmaputra?

A

Arsenic

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9
Q

Which high sediment river joins the Parana?

A

Rio Bermejo

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10
Q

What is the largest river in Bangladesh?

A

The Brahmaputra

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11
Q

What is the Jacyreta Dam?

A

A late dam in the Parana, cost $11Billion built in 1998

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12
Q

What do man made river features do to rivers?

A

Divert or interrupt flow, reduce link between river and surrounding area

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13
Q

What do small pools at the side of the Parana act as?

A

Nursery grounds for fish

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14
Q

What does a -0.25 m reduction is average river hight do to the surrounding area if the Parana?

A

Reduces wetlands by 14%

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15
Q

Why is the worlds largest wetland?

A

The Pantanal, in the Parana catchment

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16
Q

How much money does a flood cause Bangladesh?

A

$2Billion

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17
Q

How much erosion can take place on the Brahmaputra each year?

A

800m

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18
Q

What years did Bangladesh floods exceed 35% of the country?

A

1988,1998,2004 and 2007

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19
Q

How much more sediment is taken away from Brahmaputra than is replaced?

A

150 times

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20
Q

What is the Brahmaputra Right Embankment?

A

Large engineering project designed to control one side of the Brahmaputra

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21
Q

Where are reventments used?

A

Places of importance, e.g Bahadurabad and Ghutail

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22
Q

Where is an example of a permeable groin?

A

Katlamari

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23
Q

After the Amazon what is the largest river basin in South America?

A

The Parana

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24
Q

What is the mouth of the Parana called?

A

Rio De La Plata

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25
Q

What type of river is the Parana?

A

Braided River

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26
Q

Why did the Parana river move north west?

A

Moving of tectonic activity pushing the plate up and moving the river

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27
Q

Why is the Parana stuck at its current location?

A

Its pinned up against a fault

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28
Q

Why is the Parana wetland important?

A

Centre for high biodoversity

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29
Q

Why does the Rio Bermejo have so much sediment?

A

Full of wind blown sediment

30
Q

What is the sediment content of the Rio Parana?

A

6,499 mg/L

31
Q

What Phenomena happens when the Bermejo joins the Paraguay?

A

The sediment heavy Bermejo sinks below the Parana. Mixing then forces this sediment up into boils on the river surface

32
Q

What does poor river mixing cause?

A

Large differences in Biodiversity on either side of the river due to varying levels of moisture content

33
Q

By 1989 how many dams has been built on the Parana?

A

36

34
Q

What is the Itaipu Dam

A

Very large dam with a 7.2km reservoir, cost $19Billion built in 1984

35
Q

When was the Hidrovia Proposed?

A

Late 1980’s, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay involved

36
Q

When does a natural event become Hazardous?

A

When humans are involved

37
Q

What are the positives to flooding of the Brahmaputra?

A

High fish stocks, fertilised land and cleans up arsenic

38
Q

In a normal flood what % of Bangladesh is flooded?

A

20%

39
Q

What % of rain falls between June and September in Bangladesh?

A

80%

40
Q

Why is the Brahmaputra sediment content so high?

A

Created from the many tribs that flow from the Himalayas

41
Q

Why is Bangladesh flood damage becoming less severe?

A

Flood planning and forecasting

42
Q

In 2007 how many people died in the Bangladesh floods?

A

3,400

43
Q

What did heavy investment in water systems by rich countries lead to?

A

Solving of problem while ignoring the cause

44
Q

What is the most essential of all resources?

A

Water

45
Q

What percentage of the world lives in places of fragile river threat?

A

80%. 4.8billion

46
Q

Name some areas of fragile river threat?

A

Europe, indian subcontinent, mid USA

47
Q

Where are most of the fragile river threat?

A

between tropic of cancer and 50 degrees north

48
Q

How many rivers have a moderate risk assessment?

A

30 out of the largest 47

49
Q

What percentage of US rivers are at threat in the US

A

%50

50
Q

How many fresh water species are at risk worldwide?

A

10-20k

51
Q

What is the largest river in Spain?

A

Ebro

52
Q

How long is the Ebro river?

A

930km

53
Q

What is river metabolism?

A

Its GPP and carbon fixation levels

54
Q

How many dams have been built on the Ebro?

A

187

55
Q

How much of riverflow is kept in Ebro reservoirs

A

85%

56
Q

What has been the main form of river control and management?

A

Top down river management, e.g dams

57
Q

The top ten countries received % of overall water aid?

A

50%

58
Q

What do top down strategists say is the amount of money needed to stop water shortages?

A

180Billion

59
Q

What do bottom up strategists say is the amount of money needed to stop water shortages?

A

10-25billion

60
Q

How effective are drip irrigation systems?

A

95%

61
Q

Why has the cost of water per cubic meter gone up?

A

More valuable due to better efficiency for less water

62
Q

What is the average wage with the poor in Bangladesh?

A

US$220 per person

63
Q

How large is the Brahmaputra basin?

A

275,000 Sq miles

64
Q

Including all the tributaries, how long is the bank length of the Brahmaputra?

A

150,000km

65
Q

How many people in the Jamena-Brahmaputra region have been displaced multiple times?

A

66%

66
Q

How many displaced residents in Bangladesh receive any kind of advice?

A

2%

67
Q

What are the 4 main forms of alluvial exchange in big rivers?

A

Flood Plain deposition, Main Channel exchange (bank erosion), Deposition with in channel, sediment load from tributaries

68
Q

Which river goes from 0.5km to 7km wide in only a 14km stretch or river?

A

Parana

69
Q

How deep is the Congo river?

A

220meters

70
Q

According to discharge, what classes as a big river?

A

over 1000m cubed per second (anything over 17,000 isa mega river)

Big Rivers (5 decks)

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