Paragraph Style Questions

Question 1

Impact on native population for voyages

Answer 1

• Treated as less than human eg. Columbus bringing them back to show off to royal court of Spain
• Conquistadors conquered their lands in Central America
• H.Cortes>Mexico>Aztecs&F.Pizarro>Peru>Incas
• Diseases, Not immune, eg.smallpox
• Pushed off to least fertile lands
• Enslaved or forced to convert to European ways and Christianity

Question 2

Benefits to European countries

Answer 2

• competition for new lands,trade routes and seas led to Europe being v. Powerful
• Euro. empires Welty coz of spices, prec. Metals and other material
• all levels of society eg. Potato brought stability and pop. Growth
• those 2 things helped drive industrial rev. In Europe
• even pioneers in Age of ex. Became powerful eg.Portugal profited from its colonies until 20th Century

Question 3

Conflicts between European powers

Answer 3

With so much wealth to be gained, conflict soon broke out

• Spain and Portugal’s rivalry nearly led to war
• treaty of tordesillas (Explain)
• Elizabeth I sponsored ships attacking Spanish ships and colonies
• In 1600 Portugal challenged by Dutch East India company, capturing Portugal’s trading harbors in the Far East
• English EIC took over Port.’s control of mainland India
• English and Dutch warred over Port.’s old territory

Question 4

Portugal’s contribution/achievements

Answer 4

• small country, wealthy coz of pioneering age of Ex.
• Henry the Navigator spon. Ships to north west coast of Afr.
• B. Diaz first modern Euro. To sail to the cape of good hope in 1488
• V. De Gama first Euro. Sailed to Idia below Africa .
• A second fleet bound for India acc. Discovered Brazil 1500
• Pushed further and discovered “spice islands”, the mollacas.

Question 5

Hernando Cortes, Aztecs, Mexico.

Answer 5

New world not just small tribes but large empires eg.Aztecs

• Spain sought wealth,sent Hernando Cortes to conquer them
• Arrived 1519,Montezuma (emp.) tried dissuade them from going to tenochtitlan, the capital
• Cortes marched on, made alliance with rivals of az. And massacred city of Cholula.
• Took mon. Hostage, Aztecs fought back, mon. Killed thrown out of Tenochtitlan
• Came back with native allies and conquered the Aztecs
• Culture destroyed by war,disease, enslavement or conversion

Question 6

Main effects of the voyages

Answer 6

• European powers v. Wealthy coz spices, prec. Metals and other materials brought back
• led to conflict: Spain and Portugal,England and Spain, Dutch and England .
• treaty of tordesillas (explain)
• all levels of society benefitted:chocolate,tomato,tobacco and pot.
• natives killed,enslaved,diseased or forced to convert to Christianity

Question 7

Political control in the plantations

Answer 7

• Gaelic chieftains left (f.o.t.e), replaced by English and Scottish who supported the crown
• ul.first success coz stricter conditions.Esured planted areas remained in hands of the crown.Pre1600 ul.Most Gaeilic part of irl.
• 1600 gaeilic attacked planters, killed 4k, failed to regain control
• Brehen:EC law, Brehons: judges&magistrates,sheriffs.

Question 8

Culture and customs plantations

Answer 8

• Protestant settlers soon came to outnumber the Irish
• English:Anglican,Scottish:Presbyterian,attempt to out. Cath.
• religious differences caused tension between Irish and settlers
• This religious hatred has remained until this day(mostly up N)
• Land set aside for building royal schools for Ed. Of Protestants

Question 9

Council of Trent

Answer 9

• Priests were ignorant of catholic teaching and so were the people. The council of Trent was meetings of Church leaders
• They worked on CD and CD and some decisions simply reaffirmed catholic teaching
• Church discipline : SNAP outlawed and seminary to be held for priests
• Catholic doctrine: New catechism, index and indulgences banned.
• Faults remained but important step in Counter-Reformation.

Question 10

Jesuits

Answer 10

• Priests and the people were ignorant of catholic teaching and Ignatius Loyola founded the Jesuits to fix this problem.
• Organized like military, head was Governor General
• Were priests but took vows of poverty, charity and obedience like monks
• the purpose of them was to promote Catholicism and protect it against Protestantism
• Set up schools and colleges with priests and teachers well trained in theology and the classics
• Went on to be a very successful order. The fact that southern Germany and Poland stayed catholic is often attributed to them. The current pope, Francis, is a Jesuit.

Question 11

Calvin’s church in Geneva

Answer 11

• J.C was inspired by M.L, wrote a book on his own beliefs and when the rulers of Geneva threw the CC out, they invited him to set up there
• He believed that the church should be run by ordinary people, presbyters were elected by the people to preach and conduct mass
• He believed that you had to live a moral life; no working on Sunday’s and drinking,playing games and singing were crimes punishable by fines, inprisonment or torture.
• Even tho it was strict in Geneva , people were happy because they were safe and Calvin set up a state run hospital and schools.
• Very successful; Geneva (Calvinists), England(puritans) and John Knox brought it to Scotland - V. Popular (Presbyterians).

Question 12

The Inquisition

Answer 12

• Religious Court set up to stop the spread of Protestantism in Spain, Italy and Portugal
• Torture was only used to get people to admit to being a heretic, never as a punishment
• Auto-da-fé was a ceremony where the accused received their sentences.
• The accused wore special dress called a sanbenito
• Punishments included fines, inprisonment or death - burned alive publicly at the stake