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AP2 B3 > Parafollicular/Parathyroid/Adrenal > Flashcards

Parafollicular/Parathyroid/Adrenal Flashcards

1
Q

cells reside outside of the follicular cells but still within the thyroid

A

Parafollicular Cells

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2
Q

Synthesizes and secretes ____

A

calcitonin

Parafollicular Cells

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3
Q

High levels of serum Ca2+ and HPO42 ___ secretion

Parafollicular cells

A

stimulate

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4
Q

Low levels of serum Ca2+ and HPO42 ___ secretion

Parafollicular cells…

A

inhibit

Calcitone it down

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5
Q

The process of using/losing a substance

A

Resorption

Example: The breakdown of bone by osteoclasts in order to increase plasma Ca2+

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6
Q

The process of gaining something (whether for the first time or again)

A

Absorption/Reabsorption

Example: Osteoblasts absorbing/reabsorbing the Ca2+ from blood to build bone matrix

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7
Q

Calcitonin inhibits?

A

osteoclasts

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8
Q

Calcitonin increases?

A

osteoblasts

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9
Q

Calcitonin decreases calcium ___ in the intestines

A

absorption

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10
Q

Calcitonin ___ calcium loss in urine

A

increases

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11
Q

Four small glands attached to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid Glands

“stuck” to it, not part of it

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12
Q

Principal cells (AKA __ cells) are the functional component

parathyroid glands

A

Chief

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13
Q

These secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Principal cells (AKA Chief cells)

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14
Q

High levels of serum Ca2+ ___ secretion

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

inhibit

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15
Q

Low levels of serum Ca2+ ___ secretion

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

stimulate

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16
Q

Increases osteoclasts

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

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17
Q

Inhibits osteoblasts

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

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18
Q

Increases calcium absorption in the intestines

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

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19
Q

Decreases calcium loss in the urine

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

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20
Q

Pair of flattened, pyramidal-shaped glands located superior and adjacent to the kidneys (retroperitoneal)

A

adrenal gland

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21
Q

Adrenal cortex-

A

large and peripherally located

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22
Q

smaller and centrally located

A

Adrenal medulla-

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23
Q

Covered by a connective tissue capsule

Highly vascularized

A

Adrenal gland

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24
Q

Order of adrenal layers?

A

152

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25
Q

Hypothalamus releases ___ which targets the anterior pituitary

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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26
Q

Anterior pituitary produces and releases ___ in response, which has the following actions on the adrenal cortex

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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27
Q

mineralcorticoids are produced and secreted

A

Zona Glomerulus

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28
Q

glucocorticoids are produced and secreted

A

Zona Fasciculata

29
Q

certain androgens are produced and secreted

A

Zona reticularis

30
Q

Secretes mineralocorticoids

Affects mineral homeostasis in the body

A

Zona Glomerulosa

Promotes the reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys

31
Q

Promotes the loss of (secretion, excretion) of
Potassium (K+) into the urine
Hydrogen (H+) into the urine

A

Mineralocorticoids of zona Glomerulosa (aldosterone)

32
Q

Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by both:

A

Elevated serum potassium and hydrogen levels

Low blood pressure

(Via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS))

33
Q

Aldosterone inhibited by both

A

Low serum levels of potassium and hydrogen

High blood pressure

34
Q

Kidneys secrete renin in response to this

A

Blood pressure is low

35
Q

Circulating renin causes the conversion of angiotensinogen (normal constituent of blood) into _____

A

angiotensin-I

Angiotensinogen is made by the liver and dumped into circulation regularly

36
Q

Angiotensin-I circulates into the ___ vasculature where it encounters angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

A

lung

ACE splits angiotensin-I now making angiotensin-II

Angiotensin-II then circulates causing numerous things to occur

37
Q

Stimulates the production of aldosterone

Causes increase in sympathetic activity

Causes arteriolar vasoconstriction

Causes release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

How angiotensin-II increases BP

38
Q

Cortisol (95%)

Corticosterone

Cortisone

A

Zona Fasciculata – middle zone

39
Q

Glucocorticoids help the body regain homeostasis after a “stress” event

A

Very effective if stressor is removed

Over-reaction occurs if stressor not removed

40
Q

Glucocorticoids affects

A

Glucose levels

Helps to regulate metabolism

Inflammatory response

Immune system

Blood pressure

Nervous system

Sleeping

41
Q

Stimulates protein catabolism

Stimulates gluconeogenesis

Stimulates lipolysis

Suppression of immune response

Acts as an anti-inflammatory

Inhibition of bone formation

A

Function of glucocorticoids

42
Q

Suppression of immune response includes

A

Marked decrease in number of eosinophils (type of WBC) as well as atrophy of lymphatic tissue

Leads to a decreased number of lymphocytes and plasma cells

(lesser ability to fight infection)

43
Q

Acts as an anti-inflammatory effects?

glucocorticoids

A

Inhibits synthesis of precursor to prostaglandins and leukotrienes

Inhibits production of interleukin-2 and proliferation of T-lymphocytes

Inhibits release of histamine and serotonin from mast cells and platelets

44
Q

Inhibition of bone formation effects?

glucocorticoids

A

Decreases Type I collagen (major component of bone matrix)

Decreases osteoblast activity

Decreases intestinal absorptions of calcium

45
Q

Secretes small amounts of weak androgens

Converted in testes to testosterone for males

Portion converted to estrogen in women (various tissues)

A

Zona Reticularis - inner zone

46
Q

androgens

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Androstenedione

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

47
Q

Weak androgenic effect on its own

Precursor to numerous hormones:
Androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estrogen

A

DHEA

Dehydroepiandrosterone

48
Q

Weak androgenic effect on its own

Can be converted to:
Testosterone or estrone (precursor to estradiol)

A

Androstenedione

49
Q

More potent androgen than testosterone

Made from conversion of testosterone

Is active in tissues where testosterone is not

A

DHT

Dihydrotestosterone

50
Q

Kidney secrete renin in response to

A

low BP

51
Q

Renin, in circulation, cause the angiotensinogen (normal constituent of blood) into

A

angiotensin 1

52
Q

Angiotensinogen is made by the ___ and dumped into circulation ____

A

liver

regularly

53
Q

Angiotensin 1 circulates into the lung vasculature where it encounters ____ and spit angiotensin 1 into _____

A

ACE

angiotensin 2

54
Q

Angiotensin 2 increases BP by:

A

stimulates production of aldosterone

causes increase in sympathetic activity

causes vasoconstriction

causes release of ADH

55
Q

Stimulates protein catabolism

Essentially from all cells except the liver
These liberated amino acids travel to liver where they participate in gluconeogenesis

A

Glucocorticoids

Zona Fasciculata

56
Q

Stimulates gluconeogenesis

Liver converts amino acids to glucose

A

Glucocorticoids

Zona Fasciculata

57
Q

Stimulates lipolysis

Stimulates shift from carbohydrate catabolism to lipid catabolism
Liberates fatty acids also used in gluconeogenesis in the liver

A

Glucocorticoids

Zona Fasciculata

58
Q

Suppression of immune response

Marked decrease in number of eosinophils (type of WBC) as well as atrophy of lymphatic tissue
Leads to a decreased number of lymphocytes and plasma cells
These cells produce numerous anti-bodies
With a reduced level of these cells, the body’s ability to fight infections is greatly reduced

A

Glucocorticoids

Zona Fasciculata

59
Q

Acts as an anti-inflammatory

Inhibits synthesis of precursor to prostaglandins and leukotrienes
Inhibits production of interleukin-2 and proliferation of T-lymphocytes
Inhibits release of histamine and serotonin from mast cells and platelets

A

Glucocorticoids (Zona Fasciculata)

60
Q

Inhibition of bone formation

Decreases Type I collagen (major component of bone matrix)
Decreases osteoblast activity
Decreases intestinal absorptions of calcium

A

Glucocorticoids (Zona Fasciculata)

61
Q

Middle region of the adrenal gland

A

Adrenal Medulla

62
Q

functional unit of the adrenal medulla

A

Chromaffin Cells

63
Q

Synthesizes and secretes catecholamines

Epinephrine (more potent, more abundant)
Norepinephrine (precursor to epinephrine)

A

Chromaffin Cells

Adrenal Medulla

64
Q

These cells are considered modified sympathetic ganglion of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Chromaffin Cells

Adrenal Medulla

Direct nervous system input, ie, fast

65
Q

Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system sends signal down through splanchnic nerves.
These nerves synapse at the ____.

Signals epi/norepi to be released

A

Chromaffin Cells

Adrenal Medulla

66
Q

Catecholamines intensify ____ responses throughout the body

A

sympathetic

67
Q

Increase heart rate, force of contraction, cardiac output, blood pressure

Increases blood flow to heart, liver, skeletal muscles

Dilates airways to lung tissue

Causes liver and skeletal muscle to convert glycogen into glucose

Vasodilation (lungs, brain, heart, skeletal muscle)

Vasoconstriction (GI, kidneys, skin)

A

Catecholamines

from Chromaffin Cells

Adrenal Medulla

68
Q

Usually caused by a benign tumor of the chromaffin cells

Causes a prolonged “fight or flight” response in the body

A

Pheochromocytoma

69
Q

These tumors increase production and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Pheochromocytoma

AP2 B3 (4 decks)

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