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AP2 B3 > Pancreas/Gonads/Pineal/Misc > Flashcards

Pancreas/Gonads/Pineal/Misc Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine and exocrine gland

endocrine secretes directly into circulation

A

Pancreas

but almost ALL exocrine

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2
Q

A flattened organ located in the curve of the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine)

Contains a head, body and tail

A

Pancreas

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3
Q

In the middle of the exocrine acini lie 1-2 million endocrine cells called ____ (Islets of Langerhans)

(Pancreas Endrocrine cells)

A

pancreatic islets

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4
Q

4 types of islet cells

A

Alpha
Beta
Delta
F (aka PP)

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5
Q

20% of islet cells, secrete GLUCAGON

A

Alpha (A) Cells

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6
Q

75% of islet cells, secrete INSULIN

A

Beta (B) Cells-

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7
Q

4% of islet cells, secrete somatostatin (GHIH)

A

Delta (D) Cells

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8
Q

1% of islet cells, secrete pancreatic polypeptide

A

F Cells (aka PP cell)

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9
Q

Stimulates liver to break down stored glycogen (glycogenolysis)

Stimulates liver to take up serum amino acids and convert them into glucose (gluconeogenesis)

Stimulates the break down of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol (lipolysis)

A

Glucagon

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10
Q

Receptors located in pancreas sense low blood glucose levels which trigger a release of

A

glucagon

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11
Q

Glucagon regulated through ___ feedback from serum glucose levels

A

negative

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12
Q

lowers blood glucose levels

A

insulin

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13
Q

Presence of food in small intestine triggers release of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GDIP; aka Gastric Inhibitory Peptide[GIP])

A

This triggers release of insulin from pancreas

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14
Q

Continued nutrient absorption raises blood glucose levels which further stimulate pancreas to continue to release insulin

A

insulin

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15
Q

Facilitates glucose uptake into cells

Stimulates glycolysis (metabolism of glucose for generation of ATP)

Stimulates glycogenesis (excess glucose into glycogen in liver)

Promotes triglyceride and protein synthesis

A

Insulin

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16
Q

Insulin Regulated through negative feedback from ___ levels

A

serum glucose

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17
Q

Acts in paracrine manner by inhibiting both insulin and glucagon release

Acts in an endocrine manner by inhibiting release of hGH from anterior pituitary gland

A

Somatostatin (aka GHIH)

also found in pancreas! (from Delta cells)

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18
Q

Inhibits somatostatin release

Inhibits gallbladder contraction

Inhibits secretion of bicarb and certain enzymes from pancreas

Thought to play a role in appetite suppression

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

from F cells

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19
Q

_____ inhibits release of insulin, stimulates secretion of glucagon from alpha cells of pancreas

A

Hypoglycemia

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20
Q

Glucagon acts on ___.

Stimulates conversion of glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis)

Stimulates gluconeogenesis. Glucose is then released by hepatocytes into blood stream

A

hepatocytes (liver cells)

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21
Q

glycogen into glucose

A

(glycogenolysis)

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22
Q

inhibits the release of glucagon, stimulates secretion of insulin by beta cells

A

Hyperglycemia

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23
Q

Facilitates diffusion of glucose into cells

Speeds conversion of glucose into glycogen (glycogenesis)

Increases uptake of amino acids to increase protein synthesis

Speeds synthesis of fatty acids (lipogenesis)

A

Insulin (acts on various cells in the body)

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24
Q

synthesize and secrete estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, relaxin

A

Ovaries

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25
Q

___, ____ along with LH and FSH (from ant pituitary) regulate the menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, prepare the mammary glands for lactation

A

Estrogen, progesterone

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26
Q

*Inhibin and Relaxin are only produced in large quantities when ___ occurs, otherwise negligible levels exist

A

pregnancy

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27
Q

Inhibin is used to inhibit ___.

Deters follicle development

A

FSH

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28
Q

Relaxes the cartilage of the pubic symphysis for passage of the baby

Helps to relax/widen the cervix

A

Relaxin

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29
Q

produce testosterone, inhibin

A

Testes

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30
Q

Stimulates decent of testes before birth
Regulates production of sperm
Regulates male secondary sex characteristics

A

Testosterone

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31
Q

Inhibin inhibits FSH (concentration based). FSH stimulates ____. Inhibin therefore inhibits ____ when concentration is high enough

A

spermatogenesis

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32
Q

Pineal gland secretes

A

melatonin

Melatonin is thought to contribute to the setting of the body’s biological clock
As more melatonin is secreted in hours of darkness than light, it is thought to promote sleepiness

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33
Q

Synthesized/secreted by muscles cells of heart atria when stretched too far.

Has blood pressure reducing effects

A

Atrial-Natriuretic Peptide (ANP; aka A-type natriuretic peptide)

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34
Q

Synthesized/secreted by muscle cells of the heart ventricles when stretched too far.

Has blood pressure reducing effects

A

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)

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35
Q

Kidneys secrete?

A

Renin

Calcitriol

Erythropoetin

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36
Q

stimulates release of aldosterone

A

Renin

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37
Q

aids in absorption of calcium in GI tract

A

Calcitriol

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38
Q

stimulates new RBC synthesis in bone marrow

A

Erythropoietin

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39
Q

Leptin – promotes satiety signal being sent to the brain

Adiponectin – helps to reduce insulin resistance

A

Adipose Tissue

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40
Q

promotes satiety signal being sent to the brain

A

Leptin

41
Q

helps to reduce insulin resistance

A

Adiponectin

42
Q

modified to form Vitamin D

A

Cholecalciferol (from skin)

43
Q

Produces multiple hormones that promote maturation of T-Cells (WBC’s that destroy microbes)

A

Thymus

44
Q

Thymosin
Thymic humoral factor
Thymic factor
Thymopoietin

A

Thymus

ATROPHIES WITH AGE

45
Q

From liver: raises BP (part of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)

A

angiotensinogen

46
Q

From liver, stimulates increase in platelet production

A

thrombopoietin

47
Q

From liver, blocks release of iron into body fluids

A

hepcidin

48
Q

Gastrin

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GDIP) aka gastric inhibitory peptide

(GIP)
Secretin

A

Gastrointestinal Tract

49
Q

Secreted by G Cells in stomach

Stimulated by
Ingestion of protein containing meal

Distention of stomach

Vagal stimulation

A

Gastrin

50
Q

Promotes H+ ion secretion from gastric parietal cells (leading to churning/vomiting)

Stimulates growth of gastric mucosa

A

Gastrin

51
Q

Secreted by I cells of the small intestine

Stimulated by:
Meals containing fats and proteins

Monoglycerides and fatty acids present in luminal contents

Small peptides and amino acids present in luminal contents

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

52
Q

Causes gallbladder contraction

Slows gastric emptying

Stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes

Stimulates bicarb secretion from pancreas

Stimulates growth of exocrine pancreas and the gallbladder

*Thought to provide sense of satiety (fullness)

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

53
Q

Secreted by K cells of the small intestine

Stimulated by: presence of the following in luminal contents
Glucose (carbohydrates)
Fatty acids (fats)
Amino acids (proteins)

A

Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (aka gastric inhibitory peptide)

54
Q

Stimulates insulin release

Inhibits H+ ion secretion by gastric mucosa

A

Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (aka gastric inhibitory peptide)

55
Q

Secreted by S cells of the small intestine

A

Secretin

56
Q 
Stimulated by presence of the following in luminal contents
Fatty acids (fats)
Contents with pH <4.5 arrive in small intestine (increase in H+ ions)
A

Secretin

57
Q

Stimulates secretion of pancreatic bicarb
Stimulates secretion of biliary bicarb (gallbladder)
Inhibits effects of gastrin

A

Secretin

58
Q

Found in all cells in the body except RBC’s

Act as local (paracrine, autocrine) hormones in response to chemical or mechanical stimuli

Present in the blood briefly due to rapid inactivation

A

Eicosanoids

59
Q

alter smooth muscle contraction, glandular secretions, blood flow, reproductive processes, platelet function, respiration, nerve impulse transmission, lipid metabolism, immune responses

A

Prostaglandins (PG’s)

Eicosanoids

60
Q

stimulates chemotaxis* of WBC’s and mediates inflammation

A

Leukotrienes (LT’s)

Eicosanoids

61
Q

Synthesized in any tissue that has mast cells (most tissues) and in platelets

Stimulated by:
Physical trauma to cells containing histamine
Immune response to foreign pathogens (allergens)

A

Histamine

62
Q

Contraction of smooth muscle in lungs, uterus, stomach
Dilation of blood vessels in general (lower BP)
Stimulates gastric acid secretion in stomach
Increases permeability of capillaries and post-cap venules to WBC’s

A

Histamine

63
Q

Synthesized by cells in the intestines, brain, CNS

Stimulated by numerous situations and carries multiple functions depending on the type of serotonin receptor that gets activated
Mood, anxiety, sleep, appetite, temperature, eating behavior, sexual behavior
General body movement, gastrointestinal motility
Depending on concentration, can act as a vasoconstrictor or a vasodilator

A

Serotonin

64
Q

Alarm Stage (usually minutes to hours)

The Resistance Reaction (hours to weeks)

The Exhaustion Response

A

Stress Respnse

65
Q

raise blood glucose levels

A

glucagon

66
Q

GDIP (glucose-dependent insulinotrophic peptide) is what actually triggers…

A

insulin

GDIP; aka Gastric Inhibitory Peptide[GIP]

67
Q

liver takes up serum amino acids and convert them into glucose

A

gluconeogenesis

68
Q

break down of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol

A

lipolysis

69
Q

Presence of food triggers _____ which then trigger inslulin from pancreas

A

glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GDIP; aka Gastric Inhibitory Peptide[GIP])

70
Q

Insulin performs:

A

facilitates glucse uptake by cells

stimulates glycolysis

stimulates glycogenesis

promotes triglyceride/protein synthesis

71
Q

used to inhibit FSH

gonads

A

Inhibin

72
Q

Deters follicle development

A

inhibin

73
Q

relaxes cartilage of public symphisis for delivery

gonads

A

relaxin

74
Q

inhibits FSH (concentration based)

in men

A

inhibin

75
Q

Secretes melatonin

A

pineal gland

76
Q

IGF 1
Angiotensinogen
Thrombopoietin
Hepcidin

A

Liver

77
Q

Causes gallbladder contraction

A

CCK

78
Q

gastric empyting

A

CCK

79
Q

secretion of pancreatic enzymes

A

CCK

80
Q

bicarb secretion

A

CCK

81
Q

Secreted by K cells of the small intestine

A

Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (aka gastric inhibitory peptide)

82
Q

Stimulated by presence of the following in luminal contents
Glucose (carbohydrates)
Fatty acids (fats)
Amino acids (proteins)

A

Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (aka gastric inhibitory peptide)

83
Q

Secreted by S cells of the small intestine

A

Secretin

84
Q 
Stimulated by presence of the following in luminal contents
Fatty acids (fats)
Contents with pH <4.5 arrive in small intestine (increase in H+ ions)
A

Secretin

85
Q

Synthesized by cells in the intestines, brain, CNS

Estimated that 90% of total serotonin is made in the intestines as a reaction to the bacterial colonies present

Although not synthesized in platelets, platelets uptake free serotonin from blood stream and store it until needed

A

Serotonin

86
Q

Mood, anxiety, sleep, appetite, temperature, eating behavior, sexual behavior

General body movement, gastrointestinal motility

Depending on concentration, can act as a vasoconstrictor or a vasodilator

A

serotonin

87
Q

The body attempts to counteract all stress with stress response

A

Also called general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Thought to be controlled from the hypothalamus

88
Q

Initiated by any stressor (emotional, physical, mental)
Indirectly, adrenal cortex stimulated to release glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Circulating levels of lymphocytes and eosinophils decrease (impairs the immune response)
Activity of the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla increase significantly

A

Alarm Stage (usually minutes to hours)

89
Q

After the stressor has ceased, but still dealing with the psychological aftermath

Considered to be a normal “recovery phase” after the initial alarm stage

A

The Resistance Reaction (hours to weeks)

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) levels should decline
Immune system begins to replenish its lymphocytes and eosinophils
Sympathetic stimulation reduces
HR/SV/CO to return to normal levels
Vascular tone decreases (decreases BP)
Parasympathetic system stimulated
Allows for return to normal digestion
Return to normal rest patterns for the body and mind

90
Q

If the stressor is not removed successfully, or the resistance reaction (stage 2) was not sufficient, only then will the body move into the exhaustion phase

Depletion of physical and psychological energy levels

The body can no longer “cope” with the stressor

A

The Exhaustion Response

Prolonged exposure to cortisol

Prolonged stimulation of sympathetic nervous system

91
Q

This stage is where mental and physical illnesses begin to surface

A

The Exhaustion Response

92
Q

hGH production is reduced causing muscle atrophy

A

Aging

93
Q

T3/T4 production reduced by worn-out thyroid causing a reduction in metabolism leading to increase in body fat and ultimately hypothyroidism

A

TRH/TSH increases though as we age because of lack of negative feedback*

94
Q

In aging,Increased PTH levels likely due to decreased dietary calcium intake

A

Calcitriol and calcitonin levels reduced as well leading to bone injury

95
Q

In aging, adrenal cortex becomes fibrous leading to decreased cortisol and aldosterone

A

Medulla is usually unaffected though because the cortex fibroses around the medulla, therefore protecting it

96
Q

In aging, pancreas releases insulin more slowly (if at all) and receptor sensitivity to glucose declines (due to overuse)

A

Leads to blood glucose levels remaining elevated

97
Q

Ovaries decrease in size and eventually stop responding to gonadotropins in aging

A

Decreased production of estrogen leading to osteoporosis, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis
Leads to menopause (its all downhill from here…)

98
Q

___ decrease in size but still produce testosterone in viable levels in aging.

A

Testes

99
Q

Effects of decreased testosterone production aren’t usually seen until advanced age

A

Usually same number of sperm produced but the quality is lacking

Morphologically abnormal

Decreased sperm motility

AP2 B3 (4 decks)

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