Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP2 B3 > Pancreas/Gonads/Pineal/Misc > Flashcards

Pancreas/Gonads/Pineal/Misc Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine and exocrine gland

endocrine secretes directly into circulation

A

Pancreas

but almost ALL exocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A flattened organ located in the curve of the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine)

Contains a head, body and tail

A

Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In the middle of the exocrine acini lie 1-2 million endocrine cells called ____ (Islets of Langerhans)

(Pancreas Endrocrine cells)

A

pancreatic islets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 types of islet cells

A

Alpha
Beta
Delta
F (aka PP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

20% of islet cells, secrete GLUCAGON

A

Alpha (A) Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

75% of islet cells, secrete INSULIN

A

Beta (B) Cells-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

4% of islet cells, secrete somatostatin (GHIH)

A

Delta (D) Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

1% of islet cells, secrete pancreatic polypeptide

A

F Cells (aka PP cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Stimulates liver to break down stored glycogen (glycogenolysis)

Stimulates liver to take up serum amino acids and convert them into glucose (gluconeogenesis)

Stimulates the break down of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol (lipolysis)

A

Glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Receptors located in pancreas sense low blood glucose levels which trigger a release of

A

glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Glucagon regulated through ___ feedback from serum glucose levels

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

lowers blood glucose levels

A

insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Presence of food in small intestine triggers release of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GDIP; aka Gastric Inhibitory Peptide[GIP])

A

This triggers release of insulin from pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Continued nutrient absorption raises blood glucose levels which further stimulate pancreas to continue to release insulin

A

insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Facilitates glucose uptake into cells

Stimulates glycolysis (metabolism of glucose for generation of ATP)

Stimulates glycogenesis (excess glucose into glycogen in liver)

Promotes triglyceride and protein synthesis

A

Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Insulin Regulated through negative feedback from ___ levels

A

serum glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Acts in paracrine manner by inhibiting both insulin and glucagon release

Acts in an endocrine manner by inhibiting release of hGH from anterior pituitary gland

A

Somatostatin (aka GHIH)

also found in pancreas! (from Delta cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Inhibits somatostatin release

Inhibits gallbladder contraction

Inhibits secretion of bicarb and certain enzymes from pancreas

Thought to play a role in appetite suppression

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

from F cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

_____ inhibits release of insulin, stimulates secretion of glucagon from alpha cells of pancreas

A

Hypoglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Glucagon acts on ___.

Stimulates conversion of glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis)

Stimulates gluconeogenesis. Glucose is then released by hepatocytes into blood stream

A

hepatocytes (liver cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

glycogen into glucose

A

(glycogenolysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

inhibits the release of glucagon, stimulates secretion of insulin by beta cells

A

Hyperglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Facilitates diffusion of glucose into cells

Speeds conversion of glucose into glycogen (glycogenesis)

Increases uptake of amino acids to increase protein synthesis

Speeds synthesis of fatty acids (lipogenesis)

A

Insulin (acts on various cells in the body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

synthesize and secrete estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, relaxin

A

Ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

___, ____ along with LH and FSH (from ant pituitary) regulate the menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, prepare the mammary glands for lactation

A

Estrogen, progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

*Inhibin and Relaxin are only produced in large quantities when ___ occurs, otherwise negligible levels exist

A

pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Inhibin is used to inhibit ___.

Deters follicle development

A

FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Relaxes the cartilage of the pubic symphysis for passage of the baby

Helps to relax/widen the cervix

A

Relaxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

produce testosterone, inhibin

A

Testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Stimulates decent of testes before birth
Regulates production of sperm
Regulates male secondary sex characteristics

A

Testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Inhibin inhibits FSH (concentration based). FSH stimulates ____. Inhibin therefore inhibits ____ when concentration is high enough

A

spermatogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Pineal gland secretes

A

melatonin

Melatonin is thought to contribute to the setting of the body’s biological clock
As more melatonin is secreted in hours of darkness than light, it is thought to promote sleepiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Synthesized/secreted by muscles cells of heart atria when stretched too far.

Has blood pressure reducing effects

A

Atrial-Natriuretic Peptide (ANP; aka A-type natriuretic peptide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Synthesized/secreted by muscle cells of the heart ventricles when stretched too far.

Has blood pressure reducing effects

A

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Kidneys secrete?

A

Renin

Calcitriol

Erythropoetin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

stimulates release of aldosterone

A

Renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

aids in absorption of calcium in GI tract

A

Calcitriol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

stimulates new RBC synthesis in bone marrow

A

Erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Leptin – promotes satiety signal being sent to the brain

Adiponectin – helps to reduce insulin resistance

A

Adipose Tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

promotes satiety signal being sent to the brain

41
Q

helps to reduce insulin resistance

A

Adiponectin

42
Q

modified to form Vitamin D

A

Cholecalciferol (from skin)

43
Q

Produces multiple hormones that promote maturation of T-Cells (WBC’s that destroy microbes)

44
Q

Thymosin
Thymic humoral factor
Thymic factor
Thymopoietin

A

Thymus

ATROPHIES WITH AGE

45
Q

From liver: raises BP (part of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)

A

angiotensinogen

46
Q

From liver, stimulates increase in platelet production

A

thrombopoietin

47
Q

From liver, blocks release of iron into body fluids

48
Q

Gastrin

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GDIP) aka gastric inhibitory peptide

(GIP)
Secretin

A

Gastrointestinal Tract

49
Q

Secreted by G Cells in stomach

Stimulated by
Ingestion of protein containing meal

Distention of stomach

Vagal stimulation

50
Q

Promotes H+ ion secretion from gastric parietal cells (leading to churning/vomiting)

Stimulates growth of gastric mucosa

51
Q

Secreted by I cells of the small intestine

Stimulated by:
Meals containing fats and proteins

Monoglycerides and fatty acids present in luminal contents

Small peptides and amino acids present in luminal contents

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

52
Q

Causes gallbladder contraction

Slows gastric emptying

Stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes

Stimulates bicarb secretion from pancreas

Stimulates growth of exocrine pancreas and the gallbladder

*Thought to provide sense of satiety (fullness)

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

53
Q

Secreted by K cells of the small intestine

Stimulated by: presence of the following in luminal contents
Glucose (carbohydrates)
Fatty acids (fats)
Amino acids (proteins)

A

Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (aka gastric inhibitory peptide)

54
Q

Stimulates insulin release

Inhibits H+ ion secretion by gastric mucosa

A

Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (aka gastric inhibitory peptide)

55
Q

Secreted by S cells of the small intestine

56
Q 
Stimulated by presence of the following in luminal contents
Fatty acids (fats)
Contents with pH <4.5 arrive in small intestine (increase in H+ ions)
57
Q

Stimulates secretion of pancreatic bicarb
Stimulates secretion of biliary bicarb (gallbladder)
Inhibits effects of gastrin

58
Q

Found in all cells in the body except RBC’s

Act as local (paracrine, autocrine) hormones in response to chemical or mechanical stimuli

Present in the blood briefly due to rapid inactivation

A

Eicosanoids

59
Q

alter smooth muscle contraction, glandular secretions, blood flow, reproductive processes, platelet function, respiration, nerve impulse transmission, lipid metabolism, immune responses

A

Prostaglandins (PG’s)

Eicosanoids

60
Q

stimulates chemotaxis* of WBC’s and mediates inflammation

A

Leukotrienes (LT’s)

Eicosanoids

61
Q

Synthesized in any tissue that has mast cells (most tissues) and in platelets

Stimulated by:
Physical trauma to cells containing histamine
Immune response to foreign pathogens (allergens)

62
Q

Contraction of smooth muscle in lungs, uterus, stomach
Dilation of blood vessels in general (lower BP)
Stimulates gastric acid secretion in stomach
Increases permeability of capillaries and post-cap venules to WBC’s

63
Q

Synthesized by cells in the intestines, brain, CNS

Stimulated by numerous situations and carries multiple functions depending on the type of serotonin receptor that gets activated
Mood, anxiety, sleep, appetite, temperature, eating behavior, sexual behavior
General body movement, gastrointestinal motility
Depending on concentration, can act as a vasoconstrictor or a vasodilator

64
Q

Alarm Stage (usually minutes to hours)

The Resistance Reaction (hours to weeks)

The Exhaustion Response

A

Stress Respnse

65
Q

raise blood glucose levels

66
Q

GDIP (glucose-dependent insulinotrophic peptide) is what actually triggers…

A

insulin

GDIP; aka Gastric Inhibitory Peptide[GIP]

67
Q

liver takes up serum amino acids and convert them into glucose

A

gluconeogenesis

68
Q

break down of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol

69
Q

Presence of food triggers _____ which then trigger inslulin from pancreas

A

glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GDIP; aka Gastric Inhibitory Peptide[GIP])

70
Q

Insulin performs:

A

facilitates glucse uptake by cells

stimulates glycolysis

stimulates glycogenesis

promotes triglyceride/protein synthesis

71
Q

used to inhibit FSH

gonads

72
Q

Deters follicle development

73
Q

relaxes cartilage of public symphisis for delivery

gonads

74
Q

inhibits FSH (concentration based)

in men

75
Q

Secretes melatonin

A

pineal gland

76
Q

IGF 1
Angiotensinogen
Thrombopoietin
Hepcidin

77
Q

Causes gallbladder contraction

78
Q

gastric empyting

79
Q

secretion of pancreatic enzymes

80
Q

bicarb secretion

81
Q

Secreted by K cells of the small intestine

A

Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (aka gastric inhibitory peptide)

82
Q

Stimulated by presence of the following in luminal contents
Glucose (carbohydrates)
Fatty acids (fats)
Amino acids (proteins)

A

Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (aka gastric inhibitory peptide)

83
Q

Secreted by S cells of the small intestine

84
Q 
Stimulated by presence of the following in luminal contents
Fatty acids (fats)
Contents with pH <4.5 arrive in small intestine (increase in H+ ions)
85
Q

Synthesized by cells in the intestines, brain, CNS

Estimated that 90% of total serotonin is made in the intestines as a reaction to the bacterial colonies present

Although not synthesized in platelets, platelets uptake free serotonin from blood stream and store it until needed

86
Q

Mood, anxiety, sleep, appetite, temperature, eating behavior, sexual behavior

General body movement, gastrointestinal motility

Depending on concentration, can act as a vasoconstrictor or a vasodilator

87
Q

The body attempts to counteract all stress with stress response

A

Also called general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Thought to be controlled from the hypothalamus

88
Q

Initiated by any stressor (emotional, physical, mental)
Indirectly, adrenal cortex stimulated to release glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Circulating levels of lymphocytes and eosinophils decrease (impairs the immune response)
Activity of the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla increase significantly

A

Alarm Stage (usually minutes to hours)

89
Q

After the stressor has ceased, but still dealing with the psychological aftermath

Considered to be a normal “recovery phase” after the initial alarm stage

A

The Resistance Reaction (hours to weeks)

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) levels should decline
Immune system begins to replenish its lymphocytes and eosinophils
Sympathetic stimulation reduces
HR/SV/CO to return to normal levels
Vascular tone decreases (decreases BP)
Parasympathetic system stimulated
Allows for return to normal digestion
Return to normal rest patterns for the body and mind

90
Q

If the stressor is not removed successfully, or the resistance reaction (stage 2) was not sufficient, only then will the body move into the exhaustion phase

Depletion of physical and psychological energy levels

The body can no longer “cope” with the stressor

A

The Exhaustion Response

Prolonged exposure to cortisol

Prolonged stimulation of sympathetic nervous system

91
Q

This stage is where mental and physical illnesses begin to surface

A

The Exhaustion Response

92
Q

hGH production is reduced causing muscle atrophy

93
Q

T3/T4 production reduced by worn-out thyroid causing a reduction in metabolism leading to increase in body fat and ultimately hypothyroidism

A

TRH/TSH increases though as we age because of lack of negative feedback*

94
Q

In aging,Increased PTH levels likely due to decreased dietary calcium intake

A

Calcitriol and calcitonin levels reduced as well leading to bone injury

95
Q

In aging, adrenal cortex becomes fibrous leading to decreased cortisol and aldosterone

A

Medulla is usually unaffected though because the cortex fibroses around the medulla, therefore protecting it

96
Q

In aging, pancreas releases insulin more slowly (if at all) and receptor sensitivity to glucose declines (due to overuse)

A

Leads to blood glucose levels remaining elevated

97
Q

Ovaries decrease in size and eventually stop responding to gonadotropins in aging

A

Decreased production of estrogen leading to osteoporosis, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis
Leads to menopause (its all downhill from here…)

98
Q

___ decrease in size but still produce testosterone in viable levels in aging.

99
Q

Effects of decreased testosterone production aren’t usually seen until advanced age

A

Usually same number of sperm produced but the quality is lacking

Morphologically abnormal

Decreased sperm motility

AP2 B3 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions