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AP2 B3 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Close to site of release, at synapse

Muscle (smooth, cardiac, and skeletal) cells, gland cells, other neurons

Typically within milliseconds

Brief (milliseconds-seconds)

A

Neurotransmitters

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2
Q

Far from site of release (usually)

Cells throughout the body

Seconds to hours to days

Longer (seconds to days)

A

Endocrine

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3
Q

can be both a neurotransmitter and a hormone

A

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

Oxytocin

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4
Q

Neurotransmitter: released throughout the brain and expressed by neurons

Hormone: released from the pituitary gland into blood, acting on breast and uterine tissue

A

Oxytocin

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5
Q

Secrete hormones into interstitial fluid and blood surrounding the secretory cells (TSH for example)

A

ENDO- “Within”

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6
Q

Secrete their product into ducts that release into body cavities, lumen of organs, or to outer surface (skin)

Sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), mucous, salivary, mammary, ceruminous, lacrimal

A

EXO- “Outside”

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7
Q

Hormone receptors are cellular __

A

proteins

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8
Q

Hormone receptors are___ and broken down like other cellular components

A

synthesized

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9
Q

Occurs when too much hormone present

Reduction of receptors means less sensitivity to the circulating hormone

A

Receptor Down-regulation

If not enough receptors, some of the hormone will get metabolized unused…not as effective

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10
Q

Occurs when not enough hormone present

Increase of receptors means more sensitivity to the circulating hormone

A

Receptor Up-regulation

If more receptors present, better chance at all of the circulating hormone being used

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11
Q

___ pituitary releases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) which binds to receptors on cells of the thyroid as no other cells in the body should have receptors for this hormone

A

Anterior

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12
Q

Circulating hormones (the majority) – pass from secretory cells to the interstitial fluid into the ___

A

blood stream

tend to linger in blood stream minutes to hours

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13
Q

act on a neighboring cell or the same cell without entering the bloodstream

A

Local hormones

act quickly

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14
Q

hormones that act on neighboring cells

A

paracrines

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15
Q

hormones that act on same cell

A

Autocrines

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16
Q

___ hormones: Most use transport proteins (synthesized in the liver)

A

Lipid-soluble

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17
Q

Make the hormone temporarily water-soluble

Retard the passage of smaller hormone molecules through the kidney filter therefore reducing the amount lost in urine

Provide a ready reserve of hormone in the bloodstream
Free fraction- 0.1-10% are not bound to a transport protein; these diffuse from capillaries, bind to receptors immediately

A

Lipid-soluble hormones

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18
Q

transported in their free (unbound) form in blood

A

Water-soluble hormones

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19
Q

Control of Hormone Secretion regulated by

A

Signals from nervous system

Chemical changes in the blood

Other hormones

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20
Q

Ex: Nerve impulses to adrenal medullae regulate release of epinephrine

A

Signals from nervous system

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21
Q

Ex: Blood Ca2+ level regulates secretion of parathyroid hormone

A

Chemical changes in the blood

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22
Q

Ex: Release of a hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary stimulates release of cortisol by adrenal cortex

A

Other hormones

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23
Q

Reverses a change in the controlled condition

Hormone “A” secreted by anterior pituitary

Blood levels of hormone “A” increase

Sends signal to anterior pituitary to stop/slow production of Hormone “A”

A

Negative feedback

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24
Q

Strengthens or reinforces the change in the controlled condition

Oxytocin causes uterine contractions

Uterine contractions cause oxytocin to be released

A

Positive feedback

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25
Q

Types of hormones Divided into three major groups based on chemical structure

A

Proteins and Polypeptide hormones

Steroid hormones

Tyrosine derivative hormones

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26
Q

Other ways to classify hormones

A

By solubility

By gland

By function

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27
Q

The majority of the hormones in the body fall into this category

A

Proteins and Polypeptides

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28
Q

Are made from the joining of three or more amino acids

A

Proteins and Polypeptides

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29
Q

Are all water soluble

Can travel unbound in blood

Finds their receptors on the cell membrane

A

Proteins and Polypeptides

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30
Q

Derived from cholesterol

Very little concentration of these are stored

A

Steroid Hormones

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31
Q

Are lipid-soluble

Have to be bound to transport proteins while in blood (because blood is water-based)

Can freely pass through cell membrane

Binds to receptors on the inside of the cell

A

steroid hormones

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32
Q

Derived from some form of tyrosine (amino acid)

A

Tyrosine Derivative Hormones

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33
Q

Thyroid hormones

Adrenal medullary hormones (catecholamines)

Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)

A

Tyrosine Derivative Hormones

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34
Q

Triiodothyroinine (T3)

Thyroxine (T4

A

Thyroid hormones

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35
Q

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

A

Adrenal medullary hormones (catecholamines)

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36
Q

Controls the autonomic nervous system through neural and hormonal approaches

A

The Hypothalamus

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37
Q

Location: anterior and inferior to the thalamus

A

The Hypothalamus

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38
Q

Connected to the posterior pituitary gland by the __ stalk.

hypothalamus

A

infundibular

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39
Q

There is a partial sheath that wraps up the infundibular stalk from the anterior pituitary gland called the pars tuberalis
These two things entwined become the ____

(hypothalamus)

A

infundibulum

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40
Q

Every hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus is transported to the ___ gland, where it will either be stored or cause another hormone to be synthesized

A

pituitary

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41
Q

Hypothalamus + ___ = regulation of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis

A

Pituitary gland

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42
Q

Responds to signals from internal AND external environment (Temperature, hunger, satiety, blood pressure, levels of hormones, stress)

A

Hypothalamus + Pituitary gland

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43
Q

Controls daily bodily rhythms such as melatonin secretion from pineal gland, cortisol secretion, body temperature

Collects and combines information from the body and makes changes to correct any imbalances

A

Hypothalamus + Pituitary gland

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44
Q

Hormones produced in hypothalamus, placed into ____ system (capillaries), transported via portal system down to anterior pituitary gland

(anterior)

A

pituitary portal

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45
Q

Once at anterior pituitary gland, these hormones CAUSE ___ hormones to be synthesized in the anterior pituitary

A

other

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46
Q

Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones include

A

GHRH: growth hormone-releasing hormone

TRH: thyrotropin-releasing hormone

CRH: corticotropin-releasing hormone

GnRH: gonadotropin-releasing hormone

PRH: prolactin-releasing hormone

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47
Q

Function is to stimulate release of particular anterior pituitary hormones

A

Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones

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48
Q

Function is to inhibit release of particular anterior pituitary hormones (from hypothalamus)

A

GHIH: growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

PIH: prolactin-inhibiting hormone

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49
Q

AKA somatostatin

A

GHIH: growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

50
Q

AKA dopamine

A

PIH: prolactin-inhibiting hormone

51
Q

Once produced, these hormones are sent via axons from the hypothalamus down through the ____, into the posterior pituitary gland, where they are stored for future use

(Transport to Posterior Pituitary Gland)

A

infundibular stalk

52
Q

Hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus but stored in the posterior pituitary gland

A

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/Vasopressin)

53
Q

A small, pea-sized endocrine gland located within the ___ of the sphenoid bone

(pituitary)

A

sella turcica

54
Q

Posterior pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus via the ____

A

infundibular stalk

55
Q

AKA: adenohypophysis or pars distalis

A

Anterior pituitary

56
Q

AKA: neurohypophysis or pars nervosa

A

Posterior pituitary

57
Q

Pars distalis & pars tubereralis

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

58
Q

glandular tissue (the largest portion)

anterior pituitary

A

Pars distalis

59
Q

partially covers the infundibulum (like a sheath)

anterior pituitary

A

Pars tuberalis

60
Q

Four of the tropic hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland exert their effect on another endocrine gland. Exception?

(Ant. Pit.)

A

The exception to this is human growth hormone as it acts directly on almost all tissues found in the body, not a particular gland

61
Q

Once anterior pituitary hormones are synthesized they are released into general circulation?

62
Q

Also known as somatotropin

A

Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

63
Q

Most abundant anterior pituitary hormone

A

Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

64
Q

Secreted by somatotrophic cells (most abundant cell)

Usually secreted in bursts every few hours

A

Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

65
Q

Starts to decline production after adolescence

Found to be approximately 25% production after age of 70

A

Human Growth Hormone (hGH

66
Q

Is produced and released in a pulsatile manner

Characteristic increase during the first two hours of deep sleep

A

Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

67
Q

HGH secreted by?

A

somatotrophs

68
Q

Main function is to promote synthesis and secretion of small protein hormones called Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF’s; also known as somatomedins)

A

Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

69
Q

In response to hGH, cells in the liver, skeletal muscle, cartilage, bones synthesize and secrete ___

A

IGF’s (somatomedins)

70
Q

IGF enters bloodstream via the ___ or may act locally as autocrines or paracrines

71
Q

It is believed that all of the changes seen in the body are due to the presence of these IGF’s, not ___ directly

A

hGH

This means that someone can have a normal hGH level but if there is a deficiency in the production of IGF’s, they will have some abnormalities

72
Q

Increases protein synthesis

Increases uptake of amino acids into cells

73
Q

Decreases protein catabolism

Decreases breakdown of proteins by limiting use of amino acids for ATP production and instead uses free-fatty acids

74
Q

Stimulates growth in childhood

Especially of bone, and muscle

75
Q

Enhances lipolysis (break down of adipose tissue)

Releases free-fatty acids (FFA’s) into the bloodstream for use as a source of energy in cells rather than glucose

76
Q

Influences carbohydrate metabolism

77
Q

____ glucose uptake into cells (to an extent), leaving it in the bloodstream readily available for neurons to use (if needed). With increased FFA’s, cells will use these as their main energy source

(hGH/IGF)

78
Q

Also stimulates the liver to release ____ (glycogenolysis) into the blood if serum levels are low (hypoglycemia)

(hGH/IGF)

A

glucose

IGF’s attempt to keep glucose available for neurons at all times during states of hypoglycemia

While doing this, they mobilize glucose stores from liver to increase blood glucose levels

79
Q

Insulin secreted in abundance in high blood glucose situations

___ produced and secreted in abundance in low blood glucose situations

80
Q

____ stimulates GHRH secretion and inhibits GHIH secretion (hypothalamus)

Anterior pituitary increases secretion of hGH resulting in increased ___ concentration

A

Hypoglycemia

IGF

81
Q

Hyperglycemia does the opposite
Stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete GHIH
Reduced levels of hGH result which also reduces the IGF action – plasma glucose levels reduce because the IGF’s are no longer working to keep integral glucose in the blood stream for neurons (there is enough already there)

82
Q

Hypoglycemia

Sympathetic nervous system stimulation (stress, strenuous exercise)

Deep sleep

A

Factors that stimulate hGH secretion

83
Q

Decreased serum fatty acids

Increased serum amino acids

Starvation/fasting or protein deficiency

A

Factors that stimulate hGH secretion

84
Q

Factors that stimulate hGH secretion from Increased levels of:

A

Testosterone

Estrogen

Ghrelin – hormone secreted by stomach right before meals

85
Q

Hyperglycemia

Increased serum fatty acids

Decreased serum amino acids

Emotional deprivation

Obesity

When plasma T3 and T4 levels are low (thyroid)

hGH (somatotropin)

itself (negative feedback)

GHIH (somatostatin)

Aging

A

Factors that inhibit hGH secretion

86
Q

ACTH secretion stimulated by

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus and/or stress-relate stimuli (trauma, low BGL)

87
Q

controls production of cortisol, other glucocorticoids and certain androgens produced by the cortex of adrenal glands

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

88
Q

Prolactin (PRL) controlled by

A

Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) (AKA dopamine)

89
Q

Prolactin (PRL) causes milk _____

A

production

90
Q

Ejection of milk is caused by

A

oxytocin (posterior pituitary)

91
Q

Low levels of estrogen and progesterone just prior to menstruation inhibits secretion of ____ and stimulates prolactin secretion (this likely accounts for breast tenderness at this time)

A

PIH (dopamine)

92
Q

During the rest of the female cycle: as ____ increases, PIH (dopamine) secretion increases

A

estrogen secretion

93
Q

____ from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH

A

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

94
Q

initiates follicle production in women monthly

Also stimulates ovarian follicular cells to produce estrogen

95
Q

stimulates production of sperm cells in men

96
Q

____ from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete LH

A

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

97
Q

____ from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete LH

A

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

98
Q

LH triggers ____ in women as well as formation of the corpus luteum and therefore the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum

99
Q

With FSH, ___ triggers secretion of estrogen by ovarian follicular cells

100
Q

LH stimulates cells in the testes to produce and secrete ____ in males

A

testosterone

101
Q

Collective name for group of peptide hormones produced in the skin, the anterior pituitary and other parts of the brain

A

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormones

102
Q

____ inhibits MSH release from anterior pituitary only

A

Dopamine (PIH)

103
Q

Pigmentation of skin cells (i.e. increased melanin causing tanned skin)

(This MSH is made locally in the skin)

Possible suppression of appetite

104
Q

Release of Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) from the ___ stimulates the release of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary

A

hypothalamus

105
Q

TRH is inhibited by increased levels of ___ in the bloodstream which when reduced, causes a reduced amount of TSH to be produced in the anterior pituitary

A

T3 and T4

This reduction in TRH and subsequently TSH reduces the amount of T3/T4 to be made

106
Q

The ___ segment of the pituitary gland comprises ~ 25% of the total weight of the gland

107
Q

nerve tissues encompassing the “bulbar” part of the posterior pituitary

A

Pars Nervosa-

108
Q

connection to the pituitary gland

A

Infundibular stalk-

109
Q

Hormones stored in posterior pituitary

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) (also known as vasopressin)

Oxytocin

110
Q

Produced in the hypothalamus, stored in the posterior pituitary gland

“Against urination” – decreases urine production/excretion

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH; Vasopressin)

111
Q

Also causes vasoconstriction of arterioles (causing an increase in blood pressure) hence the alternative name vasopressin

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH; Vasopressin)

112
Q

Normal urine output daily is ____, without ADH this increases 10 fold to 20 liters a day

A

1-2 liters

113
Q

Amount of ADH secreted varies with ___ and blood volume

A

blood osmotic pressure

114
Q

High blood osmotic pressure stimulates osmoreceptors in the ____

A

hypothalamus

115
Q

ADH action at Kidneys:

A

increased water reabsorption by tubules

116
Q

ADH action at sudoriferous glands:

A

decreased sweating

117
Q

ADH action at vascular smooth muscle:

A

artieriolar constriction

118
Q

ADH secretion altered by other means:

A

Pain, stress, trauma, anxiety

Drugs

119
Q

During delivery of a child, stretching of the cervix stimulates release of ___ from posterior pituitary

120
Q

After delivery of the child, it stimulates milk ejection or “let-down” from the mammary glands

121
Q

Suggested to help with parental caregiver behavior

122
Q

Many autistic children have reduced levels of ___ when compared to those without autism

AP2 B3 (4 decks)

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