PAR Model

Question 1

What is a PAR model?

Answer 1

Pressure and release model

Question 2

What does it help us to understand?

Answer 2

Looks at the underlying causes of a disaster that create vulnerability against the hazard event

Question 3

What leads to vulnerability?

Answer 3

Begins with root causes and through a series of processes called dynamic pressures which leads to unsafe conditions (progression of vulnerability)

Question 4

What are the most important root causes in the PAR model?

-2 points

Answer 4

1. Governments (corruption and governance)

2. Economic status

Question 5

Name 3 earthquake locations and the type of economy

Answer 5

• Haiti- developing economy
• China (Sichuan)- emerging economy
• Japan- developed economy

Question 6

5 facts about Haiti earthquake (2010)

Answer 6

• shallow focus of 13km
• epicentre was only 24km from Port- au prince
• high level of corruption within the government
• lack of building controls and regulations
• lack of disaster preparation

Question 7

Impacts on Haiti

-3 points

Answer 7

• main transport links were damaged so crucial aid supplies couldn’t reach
• over 1/4 government officials were killed limiting organised recovery
• outbreak of cholera in 2010 that still lasts today

Question 8

Root causes of Haiti earthquake

-4 points

Answer 8

• Corrupt government
• heavily in debt so repayed instead of improving infrastructure
• 80% in poverty (less than $2 a day)
• 40% of government budget was from foreign aid

Question 9

Dynamic pressures of Haiti earthquake

-5 points

Answer 9

• lack of urban planning
• lack of disaster planning
• lack of disaster management systems
• rapid urbanisation (vulnerable housing)
• lots of deforestation and soil degradation

Question 10

Unsafe conditions of Haiti earthquake

• 4 points

Answer 10

• soft soil amplified seismic waves and increased ground shaking
• illegal housing was built in unsafe conditions
• a low GDP of $1300 meant buildings were poorly constructed
• before the earthquake only 39% had access to clean water

Question 11

2 Facts about china earthquake (2008)

Answer 11

• struck the mountainous region

- hit rural areas and small towns

Question 12

Root causes of china earthquake

-3 points

Answer 12

• corrupt government officials often ignored building codes and accepted bribes to allow builders to take shortcuts
• lots of corruption as thousands of schools fell down (5,335 children) while properly built government buildings remained standing
• corruption of local government officials and law enforcement means that unsafe building practices still continue

Question 13

Dynamic pressures of china earthquake

• 3 points

Answer 13

• building codes were ignored
• poorly constructed buildings could not withstand the ground shaking and collapsed
• lack of urban planning which leads to people being affected by landslides

Question 14

Unsafe conditions of china earthquake

• 2 points

Answer 14

• the earthquake triggered landslides that lead to a 1/4 of the earthquake related deaths
• a lot of illegal housing built against building codes

Question 15

Responses to the earthquake

• 4 points

Answer 15

• over 130,000 soldiers and relief workers were being sent to affected areas
• medical services were quickly restored
• government pledged $10 billion
• temporary infrastructure was built

Question 16

Fact about the japan earthquake

Answer 16

• earthquake struck under the Pacific Ocean causing a tsunami

Question 17

Root causes of Japan earthquake

• 1 point

Answer 17

• the nuclear power plant was severely damaged and released dangerous amounts of radiation into the air (47,000 people evacuated)

Question 18

Dynamic pressures of Japan earthquake

-3 points

Answer 18

• Japan failed to take into account the impact of the tsunami on a nuclear power plant
• investigations found that the power plant had not been built to withstand a tsunami
• lack of basic safety procedures, planning and preparation by the government

Question 19

Unsafe conditions of Japan earthquake

-3 points

Answer 19

• high death toll/ missing - 19,848
• homeless - 130,927
• economic cost- US $240 billion (large costs due to damage to nuclear power plant)

Question 20

Primary and secondary Impacts on Haiti (social)

Primary- 4
secondary- 3

Answer 20

• 250,000 dead/missing
• 300,000 injured
• 1.3 million homeless
• damaged infrastructure
• October 2010 disease began to spread
• lack of medical supplies and trained health care workers
• further government corruption

Question 21

Secondary impacts on Haiti (economic)

• 2 points

Answer 21

• internationally $13 billion was donated

- cost to repair was estimated at $14 billion

Question 22

Primary and secondary impacts on china (social)

Primary- 5
Secondary- 1

Answer 22

• 87,150 dead/missing
• 375,000 injuries
• 5 million homeless
• corrupt government
• schools fell down killing 5,335 children
• decrease in literacy rate

Question 23

Secondary impacts on china (economic)

-2 points

Answer 23

• cost to repair was estimated at $125.6 billion

- government pledged $10 billion

Question 24

Primary and secondary impacts on Japan (social)

Primary- 6
Secondary- 1

Answer 24

• 19,848 dead/missing
• 6,065 injured
• 130,927 homeless
• nuclear power plant released radiation
• 47,000 evacuated the plant
• lack of basic safety procedures, planning and preparation
• took several days for international rescue teams to get in

Question 25

Secondary impact on Japan (economic)

Answer 25

• cost to repair was estimated at $240 billion