PAR Model Flashcards
What is a PAR model?
Pressure and release model
What does it help us to understand?
Looks at the underlying causes of a disaster that create vulnerability against the hazard event
What leads to vulnerability?
Begins with root causes and through a series of processes called dynamic pressures which leads to unsafe conditions (progression of vulnerability)
What are the most important root causes in the PAR model?
-2 points
- Governments (corruption and governance)
2. Economic status
Name 3 earthquake locations and the type of economy
- Haiti- developing economy
- China (Sichuan)- emerging economy
- Japan- developed economy
5 facts about Haiti earthquake (2010)
- shallow focus of 13km
- epicentre was only 24km from Port- au prince
- high level of corruption within the government
- lack of building controls and regulations
- lack of disaster preparation
Impacts on Haiti
-3 points
- main transport links were damaged so crucial aid supplies couldn’t reach
- over 1/4 government officials were killed limiting organised recovery
- outbreak of cholera in 2010 that still lasts today
Root causes of Haiti earthquake
-4 points
- Corrupt government
- heavily in debt so repayed instead of improving infrastructure
- 80% in poverty (less than $2 a day)
- 40% of government budget was from foreign aid
Dynamic pressures of Haiti earthquake
-5 points
- lack of urban planning
- lack of disaster planning
- lack of disaster management systems
- rapid urbanisation (vulnerable housing)
- lots of deforestation and soil degradation
Unsafe conditions of Haiti earthquake
- 4 points
- soft soil amplified seismic waves and increased ground shaking
- illegal housing was built in unsafe conditions
- a low GDP of $1300 meant buildings were poorly constructed
- before the earthquake only 39% had access to clean water
2 Facts about china earthquake (2008)
- struck the mountainous region
- hit rural areas and small towns
Root causes of china earthquake
-3 points
- corrupt government officials often ignored building codes and accepted bribes to allow builders to take shortcuts
- lots of corruption as thousands of schools fell down (5,335 children) while properly built government buildings remained standing
- corruption of local government officials and law enforcement means that unsafe building practices still continue
Dynamic pressures of china earthquake
- 3 points
- building codes were ignored
- poorly constructed buildings could not withstand the ground shaking and collapsed
- lack of urban planning which leads to people being affected by landslides
Unsafe conditions of china earthquake
- 2 points
- the earthquake triggered landslides that lead to a 1/4 of the earthquake related deaths
- a lot of illegal housing built against building codes
Responses to the earthquake
- 4 points
- over 130,000 soldiers and relief workers were being sent to affected areas
- medical services were quickly restored
- government pledged $10 billion
- temporary infrastructure was built
Fact about the japan earthquake
- earthquake struck under the Pacific Ocean causing a tsunami
Root causes of Japan earthquake
- 1 point
- the nuclear power plant was severely damaged and released dangerous amounts of radiation into the air (47,000 people evacuated)
Dynamic pressures of Japan earthquake
-3 points
- Japan failed to take into account the impact of the tsunami on a nuclear power plant
- investigations found that the power plant had not been built to withstand a tsunami
- lack of basic safety procedures, planning and preparation by the government
Unsafe conditions of Japan earthquake
-3 points
- high death toll/ missing - 19,848
- homeless - 130,927
- economic cost- US $240 billion (large costs due to damage to nuclear power plant)
Primary and secondary Impacts on Haiti (social)
Primary- 4
secondary- 3
- 250,000 dead/missing
- 300,000 injured
- 1.3 million homeless
- damaged infrastructure
- October 2010 disease began to spread
- lack of medical supplies and trained health care workers
- further government corruption
Secondary impacts on Haiti (economic)
- 2 points
- internationally $13 billion was donated
- cost to repair was estimated at $14 billion
Primary and secondary impacts on china (social)
Primary- 5
Secondary- 1
- 87,150 dead/missing
- 375,000 injuries
- 5 million homeless
- corrupt government
- schools fell down killing 5,335 children
- decrease in literacy rate
Secondary impacts on china (economic)
-2 points
- cost to repair was estimated at $125.6 billion
- government pledged $10 billion
Primary and secondary impacts on Japan (social)
Primary- 6
Secondary- 1
- 19,848 dead/missing
- 6,065 injured
- 130,927 homeless
- nuclear power plant released radiation
- 47,000 evacuated the plant
- lack of basic safety procedures, planning and preparation
- took several days for international rescue teams to get in
Secondary impact on Japan (economic)
- cost to repair was estimated at $240 billion
