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Nutrition > Par coeur Immuno > Flashcards

Par coeur Immuno Flashcards

1
Q

What are the roles of interferon in viral infections?

A

1) active immune cells
2) induces antiviral protein to block virus replication
3) causes apoptosis of virus infected cells

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2
Q

What are the innate lymphoid cells?

A

Tissue resident lymphocytes w/o LT AG-R activated by cytokines
Group 1-2-3 produce same cytokine as Th1, Th2 and Th17

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3
Q

What are the components of innate immunity?

A

Epithelial barriers
Phagocytes
Dendritic cells
Complement
NK cells

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4
Q

Nod-Like-R signal via what?

A

NLR = recognize substance from damaged cell (uric acid, ATP, K+, microbes)
Signal via inflammasome, active caspase 1 + IL1

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5
Q

Utility of C-type lectin (CLR)

A

On plasma membrane of macro and DC = detect fungal glycans

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6
Q

Utility of Rig-like-R

A

In cytosol = detect a.n of viruses that replicate in cytoplasm = induce prod of antiviral cytokines

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7
Q

What is the pathway activated by cytosolic-R for microbial DNA

A

STING = prod of antiviral cytokine IFNa
Overactivation = interferonopathies

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8
Q

Utility of G-coupled-R

A

On neutro and macro = recognize short bact peptide with N-formylmethionyl residues = chemotaxis

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9
Q

Utility of mannose-R

A

Recognize microbial sugars = phagocytosis

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10
Q

Of what is composed the inflammasome?

A

Of a sensor protein ex: NLRP3
An adapter
Enzyme caspase 1 converted from inactive to active

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11
Q

What R is expressed on NK?
What do they secrete?
Regulated by what cytokines?

A

Express CD16 = R for IgG Fc tails = lyse IgG coated cells
NK inhibitory-R = recognize CMH I
Secrete IFNy = active macro
IL2, IL15 = stimule prolif of NK
IL12 = activates killing of target cells and secretion of IFNy

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12
Q

Role of humoral and cell-mediated adaptive immunity

A

Humorale = protects against EC microbes (LB and AC)
LB = neutralize microbe, phagocytosis, complement activation
Cell-mediated = defense against IC microbes and cancer (LT)
T-helper = active macro, inflamm, prolif of LT and LB
CTL = killing of infected cell
Treg = suppress immune response

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13
Q

In adaptive immunity, how is AG-R diversity made?

A

Generated by somatic recombination of genes that encode AG-R
During lymphocytes maturation = recombination of DNA sequence introduced at sites where segments are joined
ENZYME IN CHARGE = RAG-1 et 2 (defects = failure to make mature lymphocytes)
= distinguish polyclonal and monoclonal (neoplasic) by assessing rearrangement diversity

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14
Q

To what bind CD4+ and CD8+

A

CD4+ = cytokine secreting helper cell = binds CMH II
CD8+ = CTL binds CMH I

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15
Q

Distribution of LT and LB in NL and spleen

A

LB = germinal center
LT = paracortex
FollicleDC active LB and paracortex DC present AG to LT
LB in white pulp
LT periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths

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16
Q

What plays an important role in grafts rejection?

A

HLA haplotype polymorphisms (expression of CMH)
HLA-D = Class II
HLA-A à C = Class I (expressed on all nucleated cells and platelets)

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17
Q

Cytokines playing a role in innate immune responses (produced by macro, DC, ILC, NL, endo/epithelial cells)

A

TNF
IL1
IL12
IFN type 1
IFNy
Chemokines

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18
Q

Cytokines playing a role in adaptive immune response (produced by CD4+ LT)

A

IL2 = role in differenciation of naive LT to effector and memory LT
IL4
IL5
IL17
IFNy
Terminate response : TGFB, IL10

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19
Q

Principal costimulator of LT

A

B7 protein (CD80-86) = recognize CD28-R on naive LT

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20
Q

CD4+ effector cells secrete distinct cytokines :
Th1
Th2
Th17

A

Th1 = IFNy = active macro
Th2 :
IL4 = stimule LB differenciation into IgE secreting plasmocytes
IL5 = production of eosinophils
Induce alternative pathway of macro = repair + fibrosis
Th17 = IL17 = recruits neutro and monocytes

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21
Q

Th1 :
Cytokines produced :
Cytokines inducing this subset :
Immuno rx :
Defense against :
Role in dz :

A

Cytokines produced : IFNy
Cytokines inducing this subset : IFNy, IL12
Immuno rx : macrophage activation
Defense against : IC microbes
Role in dz : immune-mediated chronic inflamm dz (autoimmune)

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22
Q

Th2 :
Cytokines produced :
Cytokines inducing this subset :
Immuno rx :
Defense against :
Role in dz

A

Cytokines produced : IL4, IL5, IL13
Cytokines inducing this subset : IL4
Immuno rx : stimule production of IgE, active mast cells and eosinophils
Defense against : helminthic parasites
Role in dz : allergies

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23
Q

Th17 :
Cytokines produced :
Cytokines inducing this subset :
Immuno rx :
Defense against :
Role in dz

A

Cytokines produced : IL17, IL22
Cytokines inducing this subset : TGFB, IL6, IL1, IL23
Immuno rx : recruitment of neutro and monocytes
Defense against : EC bacteria and fungi
Role in dz : immune-mediated chronic inflamm dz (autoimmune)

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24
Q

Differenciation of LB by LT helper and other stimuli into 3 categories + roles

A

1) AC secretion (plasma cells = IgM)
2) Class switching (IgG)
3) Affinity maturation (high affinity IgG, memory LB)
ROLES of AC : neutralize microbes and toxins, opsonization and phagocytosis, AC-dependent cytotoxicity (NK-Fc-R), complement activation (lysis of microbes, phagocytosis, inflamm)

25
Q

HyperS type 1

A

IMMEDIATE
Th2 cells, IgE AC, mast cells, release mediators + vasoactive amines
Vascular dilation, edema, smooth muscle contraction, tissue injury, mucus

26
Q

HyperS type 2

A

AC MEDIATED
Secrete IgG, IgM, promote phagocytosis
Phagocytosis and lysis of cells, inflamm, fct derangment with or w\o tissue injury
autoimmune hemolytic anemia

27
Q

HyperS type 3

A

IMMUNE COMPLEX
IgG and IgM bind AG = complex deposit in tissue = neutro and monocyte recruited + release of lysosomal enzyme
Fibrinoid necrosis
Lupus, glomerulonephritis

28
Q

HyperS type 4

A

CELL MEDIATED
Th1, Th17 and CTL
perivascular cell infiltrate, edema, granuloma
Contact dermatitis, sclerosis, type I diabetes, tuberculosis

29
Q

2 phases of hyperS type 1

A

Immediate = vasoD, vascular leakage, smooth muscle spasm, glandular secretion
Late-phase = infiltration of tissues by eosino, neutro, baso, monocytes, CD4+

30
Q

Action of IL4, IL5 and IL13 in type 1 hyperS

A

IL4 = act on LB to class switch to IgE and dev more Th2 cells
IL5 = eosinophils
IL13 = enhance IgE production + mucus secretion

31
Q

Content of mast cells responsible for immediate and late-phase rx

A

IMMEDIATE : vasoD, vascular leakage, smooth muscle spasms
Granule content (histamine, protease)
Membrane phospholipids (AA -> PGD4 et Leukotriene B4, C4, D4) (PAF)
LATE PHASE : leukocytes, epithelial damage, bronchospasms
Secreted cytokines and chemokines

32
Q

Impact of leukotriene C4, D4

A

Most vasoactive, spasmogenic + chemotaxis

33
Q

Impact of PGD2

A

Bronchospasms, mucus secretion

34
Q

Role of PAF

A

Platelet aggregation, histamine release, bronchospams, vasoD, permeability

35
Q

Mechanisms of AC-mediated type II hyperS

A

A) Opsonization and phagocytosis : opsonization by C3b (C3b-R binds Fc on phagocytes)
B) Complement activation -> C5a, C3a -> neutro, enzymes, ROS -> inflamm + tissue injury
C) AC-mediated cell dysfct : AC inhibits binding to neurotransmitters-R OR stimulates R without hormone

36
Q

Mechanisms of cell-mediated IV hyperS

A
  1. Cytokine mediated inflamm : APC to CD4+ -> cytokines (Th1 macro, Th17 neutro) -> inflamm + tissue injury
  2. T-cell mediated cytolysis : APC to CD8+ -> cell killing and tissue injury
37
Q

Autoimmune dz :
1) diabetes type 1
2) sclerosis
3) SLE
4) Goodpasture syndrome

A

1) diabetes type 1= autoreact LT against B cells of pancreatic islets
2) sclerosis = autoreact LT against SNC myelin
3) SLE = diverse AC against DNA, platelets, GR, prot/phospho complex
4) Goodpasture syndrome = AC to basement membrane of lungs and kidney

38
Q

What is central tolerance?

A

Immature self-reactive LT recognize self-AG during maturation and signal for apoptosis = NEGATIVE SELECTION
Process stimulated by AIRE protein
Some LT become Treg
Immature self-reactive LB reactive AG-R gene rearrangement to express new AG-R = RECEPTOR EDITING

39
Q

What is peripheral tolerance?

A

Silence autoreactive LT and LB in peripheral tissue
1) ANERGY = not enough costimulator
To be activated need = AG-CMH (reconnait), 2nd signal from APC (CD28 + B7 costimulator)
CTLA-4 binds B7 and PD1 = knockout lead to systemic inflamm dz
LB recognize self-AG w/o Thelper = anergy
2) SUPPRESSION BY TREG developped in thymus (CD4+ express high CD25, IL2-R, FOXP3)
Suppress immunity by secreting TGFB and IL10
3) DELETION BY APOPTOSIS = autoreactive LT express BIM (proapopto) w/o Bcl2 = apoptosis mitochondrial pathway
Fas-Fas ligand engagement = apoptosis by death pathway (LT and LB)

40
Q

What is molecular mimicry?

A

APC presents microbial peptide that resemble self-AG = autoimmunity

41
Q

In SLE, antinuclear AC (ANA) are developed against what?

A

Double stranded DNA, UI-RNP, SMith AG, Ro/La nucleoprots, anti-PL, ANA
Detection by immunofluorescence

42
Q

Mechanism of peracute graft rejection

A

Preformed AC (IgM) Sp for AG of graft (blood transfusion)
Deposition of AC on endothelium active complement = thrombosis

43
Q

Mechanism of acute graft rejection

A

Mediated by LT and AC that are activated by alloAG in the graft
CTL may directly destroy graft or CD4+ cytokines induce inflamm
Damaged glomeruli and small vessels

44
Q

Mechanism of chronic graft rejection

A

Indolent, leading to progressive loss of graft fct (sclerosis)

45
Q

What are the different type of amyloid?

A

LIGHT CHAIN (AL) = secreted by monoclonal plasmocytes (associates plasmocytoma)
AMYLOID ASSOCIATED (AA) = unique protein made by liver associated with chronic inflammation (proteolysis of SAA)
B-AMYLOID (AB) = core of cerebral plaques in Alzheimer dz

46
Q

TLR2 ligand + microbial source

A

Ligand (source) :
Lipoprotein (bacteria)
Peptidoglycan (gram+)
Zymosan (fungi)
LPS (lepto)
GPI anchor (trypanosomes)
Lipoarabinomannan (Mycobacterium)
Phosphatidylinositoldimannoside (Mycobacterium)

47
Q

TLR3 source + ligand

A

Double stranded DNA (virus)

48
Q

TLR4 ligand + source

A

LPS (gram-)
HSP60 (chlamydia)

49
Q

TLR5 source + ligand

A

Flagellin (bacteria)

50
Q

TLR6 source + ligand

A

CpG DNA (bacteria, protozoan)

51
Q

TLR7 et TLR8 source + ligand

A

Single stranded RNA (virus)

52
Q

TLR9 source + ligand

A

CpG DNA (bacteria, virus)

53
Q

TLR11 et TLR12 source + ligand

A

Profilin (toxoplasma, uropathogenic bacteria)

54
Q

TLR13 source + ligand

A

rRNA (bacteria)

55
Q

ILC group 1
Activating molecules
Effector molecules
Effect

A

Activating molecules : IL7, IL15, TBX21, E4BP4
Effector molecules : IFNy, TNF
Effect : cytotoxicity (cancer, virus), IC bacteria and protozoa

56
Q

ILC group 2
Activating molecules
Effector molecules
Effect

A

Activating molecules : GATA-3, RORa, NOTCH
Effector molecules : IL4, IL5, IL13
Effect : parasitaire, atopy

57
Q

ILC group 3
Activating molecules
Effector molecules
Effect

A

Activating molecules : ROR
Effector molecules : IL17, IL22
Effect : development of lymphoid tissue, response against EC bacteria

58
Q

On what is expressed CD68

A

Langerhans cells
Myeloid dendritic cells
Osteoclasts
Tissue macrophages

59
Q

Mast cell mediators and their actions

A

VasoD + permeability : histamine, PAF, LTC4-D4-E4, protease, PGD2
Smooth muscle spasm : Leukotriene, histamine, PG, PAF
Cellular infiltration : cytokines (TNF), LTB4, PAF

Nutrition (13 decks)

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