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Private Checkride Guide > PAR / ACS Missed Questions > Flashcards

PAR / ACS Missed Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the certification requirements to be eligible for a Private Pilot Certificate?

PA.I.A.K1

A

14 CFR 61.103
To be eligible for a private pilot certificate, a person must:

a. Be at least 17 years of age.
b.Be able to read, speak, write and understand the English language.
c. Hold a US student pilot certificate, sport pilot, or recreational pilot certificate.
d. Receive an endorsement to certify that I am able to take the knowledge test.
e. Passed the required knowledge test.
f. Received the required ground and flight training endorsement.
g. Meet the aeronautical experience requirements.

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2
Q

What are the required areas of aeronautical knowledge an applicant must receive and log?

PA.I.A.K1

A

14 CFR 61.105 (b)
A person who is applying for a private pilot certificate must receive and log ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas:

  • Federal Aviation Regulations
  • Private Pilot privileges, limitations and flight operations
  • Accident reporting requirements
  • Use of the AIM and FAA AC’s
  • Use of charts for VFR navigation using pilotage, reckoning and navigation systems
  • Radio communication procedures
  • Recognition of critical weather
  • Safe and efficient operation of the aircraft
  • Effects of density altitude
  • W&B computations
  • Principles of Aerodynamics
  • Stall awareness, spin entry, spin recovery
  • ADM and judgement
  • Preflight action
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3
Q

What are the flight proficiency requirements that an applicant must complete with an authorized instructor before taking the practical test for a private pilot certificate?

PA.I.A.K1

A

14 CFR 61.107

The areas of operation for a single-engine class rating are:

  • Preflight preparation
  • Preflight procedures
  • Postflight procedures
  • Airport base operations
  • Takeoffs, landings and go arounds
  • Navigation
  • Performance maneuvers
  • Ground reference maneuvers
  • Basic instrument maneuvers
  • Slow flight and stalls
  • Emergency operations
  • Night operations
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4
Q

What is the aeronautical experience required under for an applicant to be eligible for single engine rating?

PA.I.A.K1

A

14 CFR 61.109

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5
Q

What is weather?

PA.I.C.K3a

A

Weather is simply the current state of the atmosphere

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6
Q

Why does weather change?

PA.I.C.K3a

A

Weather changes because the atmosphere is constantly searching equilibrium

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7
Q

What is the atmospheric composition?

PA.I.C.K3a

A

The atmosphere composition is roughly

  • 78% Nitrogen
  • 21% Oxygen
  • 1% Other gasses (Argon, helium, carbon dioxide, etc.)
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8
Q

What is the layer of the atmosphere where most of the flying and the weather occur and what is the extension of the layer?

PA.I.C.K3a

A

Troposphere and it extends from the surface up to 36,000ft MSL

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9
Q

What is the tropopause?

PA.I.C.K3a

A

The tropopause is the atmospheric boundary that demarcates the troposphere from the stratosphere.

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10
Q

What is standard atmosphere?

PA.I.C.K3a

A

Standard Atmosphere is a datum for temperature and pressure at specified altitudes.

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11
Q

What is the standard atmosphere at sea level?

PA.I.C.K3a

A

15 °C
29.92’’ Hg

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12
Q

What is the lapse rate of temperature and pressure in the troposphere?

PA.I.C.K3a

A

A decrease of 2°C every 1,000 ft gained
A decrease of 1’‘Hg every 1,000 ft gained

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13
Q

Why is it important for pilots to know the temperature, pressure and atmospheric conditions?

PA.I.C.K3a

A

Understanding temperature, pressure, and atmospheric conditions is crucial for pilots because these factors directly influence aircraft performance, flight safety, and decision-making during all phases of flight.

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14
Q

What do we understand as Atmospheric Stability?

PA.I.C.K3a

A

Atmospheric Stability is the atmosphere’s ability to resist vertical displacement.

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15
Q

What is adiabatic cooling?

PA.I.C.K3a

A

Adiabatic cooling is a process where air cools down as it rises without heat exchange.

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16
Q

What is adiabatic heating?

PA.I.C.K3a

A

Adiabatic heating is the process of where air heats as it is compressed without heat exchange.

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17
Q

What are some indicators of stable and unstable atmosphere?

PA.I.C.K3a

A

Stable Atmosphere

  • Fair to poor visibility
  • Stratiform clouds and fog
  • Continuous precipitation
  • Smooth air

Unstable Atmosphere

  • Good visibility
  • Cumuliform clouds
  • Showery precipitation
  • Turbulent air
  • Thunderstorms
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18
Q

How do clouds form?

PA.I.C.K3f

A

Clouds are the result of the air becoming saturated

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19
Q

How are clouds classified?

PA.I.C.K3f

A

Clouds are categorized by their structure characteristics altitude:

  • Low clouds
  • Middle clouds
  • High clouds
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20
Q

Cite the lifting actions:

PA.I.C.K3f

A
  • Convection: Occurs when the ground is heated, causing the warmer air to rise
  • Convergence: Convergence lifting occurs when two air masses converge on one another
  • Orographic Lift: Occurs when air is forced up the side of a mountain until it cools and condenses
  • Frontal Lift: Warm air rises over colder air at fronts.
  • Mechanical Lift: Air is forced upwards by obstacles.
21
Q

Describe low level clouds

PA.I.C.K3f

A

Surface up to 6,500ft
These clouds are almost entirely composed of water

  • Stratus clouds
  • Nimbostratus clouds
  • Stratocumulus clouds
22
Q

Describe the middle level clouds

PA.I.C.K3f

A

6,500ft - 25,000ft
Composed of water crystals, ice crystals, or super-cooled water
Middle clouds may contain turbulence and potential severe icing

  • Altostratus clouds
  • Altocumulus clouds
    *
23
Q

Describe the high level clouds

PA.I.C.K3f

A

20,000ft - 50,000ft
Even if not operating within high clouds, they can still provide indications of the atmosphere
White or light gray color composed mainly of ice crystals

  • Cirrus clouds
  • Cirrostratus clouds
  • Cirrocumulus clouds
24
Q

What are the most dangerous clouds and clouds with vertical development?

PA.I.C.K3f

A

The most important clouds for pilots to be aware of are the clouds with vertical development. These clouds are:
* Cumulus
* Cumulonimbus
* Towering cumulus

These clouds are the result of convection and their presence is a main indicator of unstable atmosphere.

25
Q

What are lenticular clouds and how do they form?

PA.I.C.K3f

A

Lenticular clouds are lens-shaped clouds that typically form at high altitudes, usually in alignment with mountain ranges.

These clouds develop when stable, moist air flows over a mountain or range of mountains, creating standing waves in the atmosphere.

26
Q

What are the minimum safe altitudes according to 14 CFR 91.119?

PA.I.D.K2

A

Anywhere: An altitude allowing, if a power unit fails, an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface.

Over congested areas: Over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement, or over any open air assembly of persons, an altitude of 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2,000 feet of the aircraft.

Over other than congested areas: An altitude of 500 feet above the surface, except over open water or sparsely populated areas. In those cases, the aircraft may not be operated closer than 500 feet to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure.

27
Q

What are the VFR cruising altitudes according to 14 CFR 61.159?

PA.I.D.K2

A

VFR altitudes between 3,000ft MSL and 18,000ft MSL

Magnetic course 0°-179°: Odd thousand + 500

Magnetic course 180°-359°: Even thousand + 500

Below 3,000ft altitude is at pilots discretion

28
Q

What is glide distance based on?

PA.I.D.K2

A
  • Terrain & obstacles
  • Pilots Skill
  • Aircraft
29
Q

What is an important altitude to consider on a long cross country flight or when flying in not familiar airspace?

PA.I.D.K2

A

Maximum Elevation Figure.

30
Q

Cite all the requirements, equipment, visibility minimums and clearance for all airspaces

PA.I.E.K1

A
31
Q

Why are the performance charts so important for flying?

PA.IV.A.K1

A

Performance charts are very important because they take in account all the factors that will determine how the aircraft will perform under different conditions and it will also let the pilot know if the aircraft falls within the weight and balance limits for a safe flight.

32
Q

What would be expected on a takeoff roll with a heavy aft CG?

PA.IV.A.K1

A

Longer takeoff roll

33
Q

Describe the characteristics of a forward and an aft CG?

PA.IV.A.K1

A
34
Q

How does wind and some other atmospheric conditions affect takeoff and climb?

  • Headwind
  • Tailwind
  • Hot temperatures
  • Cold temperatures
  • High Altitudes
  • Low Altitudes

PA.IV.A.K1

A

Wind and atmospheric conditions affect takeoff and climb performance in many ways.

  • A headwind increases lift by providing higher relative airflow over the wings, allowing for a shorter takeoff roll
  • A tailwind reduces relative airflow, requiring a longer takeoff roll
  • Hot air is less dense, leading to decreased engine performance and reduced lift.
  • Cold air is denser, providing more lift and better engine performance.
  • At higher altitudes, the air is less dense, similar to hot temperatures. This reduces engine power and lift
  • Denser air at lower altitudes enhances performance, leading to shorter takeoff rolls and improved climb rates
35
Q

Explain Vx and Vy and why are they important to know for takeoff?

PA.IV.E.K2

A

Vx (Best Angle of Climb Speed): Vx is the speed that provides the greatest altitude gain over the shortest horizontal distance. It is the best speed to use when you need to clear an obstacle shortly after takeoff.

Vy (Best Rate of Climb Speed): Vy is the speed that provides the greatest altitude gain over the shortest time.

36
Q

What are the magnetic compass errors?

PA.VI.A.K2

A
  • Deviation
  • Variation
  • Magnetic dip
  • Oscillation
  • Northerly Turning Error
  • Acceleration/ Deceleration
37
Q

What is variation and how is it corrected?

PA.VI.A.K2

A

Variation is the angle difference between True and Magnetic north. To be corrected the pilot must add or subtract the variation depending on the location and the closest isogonic line.

38
Q

What is deviation and how is it corrected?

PA.VI.A.K2

A

Deviation errors occur due to the electro magnetic fields of the airplane. These fields can cause small errors in compass readings. To accurately correct for these errors, there is a compass deviation card established for each airplane.

39
Q

What is magnetic dip?

PA.VI.A.K2

A

This occurs when the magnetic compass is attempting to dip/ align itself with the magnetic north. This dipping can cause reading.

40
Q

What is Oscillation?

PA.VI.A.K2

A

This occurs when the aircraft is experiencing turbulence. Since the magnetic compass floats in a housing of fluid, it can bounce around (oscillating) making it hard to read accurately.

41
Q

What are the northerly turning errors and how are they caused?

PA.VI.A.K2

A

Northerly turning errors are caused by magnetic dip. In order to correct for this errors we use the acronyms

  • UNOS
    (Undershoot North Overshoot South)
  • ANDS
    (Accelerate North Decelerate South)
42
Q

What is Maneuvering Speed Va?

A

Maneuvering speed, or Va, is an airspeed published by your aircraft’s manufacturer that guarantees that your aircraft will stall before you reach the maximum certified g-load.

43
Q

Why does our maneuvering speed decreases as weight decreases?

A

Maneuvering speed changes with weight because a lighter aircraft needs less lift to stay airborne, allowing it to fly at a lower angle of attack and therefore a slower speed while still maintaining the same structural load limits.

44
Q

What do I have to have endorsed in my logbook to allow me to fly and keep current?

A

14 CFR 61.56

In order to maintain PIC currency I need to have a flight review done every 24 calendar months and have the endorsement in my logbook provided by the instructor who gave the flight review.

45
Q

What do you need to comply with to maintain currency to carry passengers?

A

14 CFR 61.57

To maintain currency to carry passengers I need to have made at least three takeoffs and three landings within the preceding 90 days.

For night currency I need these landings to be made to a full stop.

The required takeoffs and landings must be made on an aircraft of the same category, class and type if a type is required.

46
Q

What are the hazards of flying at night?

A

There are various illusions that can affect a pilot while flying at night that may become a hazard if not aware of them, these illusions are:

Inversion
Coriolis
Elevator
False Horizon
Leans
Autokinesis
Graveyard Spiral
Graveyard Spin
Somoatogravic

47
Q

Describe the leans:

A

The leans is a spatial disorientation illusion experienced by pilots when they slowly enter a banked turn and then correct it. Because the change is gradual, the fluid in the inner ear doesn’t detect the movement, making the pilot feel they are still level even when tilted.

48
Q

What is an MMEL and an MEL?

A

An MMEL is a list developed by aircraft manufacturers and approved by the FAA detailing all equipment and systems on an aircraft type that can be inoperative under certain conditions.

An MEL is a list specific to an operator or an airline based on the MMEL which lists the equipment that can be inoperative for a particular flight. The MEL can only be more restrictive than the MMEL but not the other way.

Private Checkride Guide (12 decks)

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