Papillon Interview Study Flashcards
Get the Damn JOB!
135 Flight time limitations:
24 hours
Quarter
2 Consecutive quarters
Year
8 hours
500 hours/ quarter
800 hours/2 consecutive quarters
1,400 hours/calendar year
135 Rest requirements/ 24 consecutive hours
10 consecutive hours of rest
135 Rest requirements
Exceeded by:
<30 minutes
> 30 minutes <60
> 60
10 hours of consecutive rest w/ 8 hrs flight time
11 hrs rest
12 hrs rest
16 hrs rest
What are isogonic lines
Lines of equal magnetic variation
How do you convert magnetic HD to True HD
Compass HD +/- variation
Where are three places you can find mag HD on the sectional
Navaid Compass Rose
Runways
Airways
What are alert areas?
Non regulatory areas of high volume training acft
What are MOA’s
Non-regulatory areas that seperate military flights from IFR tfc
How do you contact the controlling agency?
Is this asking permission?
Freq listed on sectional
Call FSS w/in 100 NM
This is not asking permission
Are listed MOA altitudes ceilings or floors?
Floors unless stated otherwise
Go to but not including FL 180
136 applies to who?
135, 119.1 (e)(2), 91.146 ops doing commercial air tours
What is required in a pax briefing per 136.7?
seatbelt use, no smoking, how to exit
More for over water….
What must be included in the 136.13 Performance Plan?
Consider Max DA to determine: IGE/OGE, W and B limits, Max combo of wt/alt/temp for H/V to be valid. Must avoid shaded areas of H/V
Can you land a helicopter in a National Park?
No, unless permission given, otherwise prohibited. Also, requested to fly above 2,000’ AGL
How tall does an obstruction have to be in order to be charted?
More than 200’ or more than 299’ if in a congested area
How much clearance does an MEF give?
Elevation of Terrain + 100’ or 1/2 a contour interval then rounded up to nearest 100’. Obstructions use same process but with an additional 200’ buffer
What are the 2 main categories of airspace?
Regulatory (A,B,C,D, E, Restricted and Prohibited areas)
Non-regulatory (G, MOA, Warning area, alert area, CFA, NSA)
What 4 types of airspace are there?
Controlled, Uncontrolled, Special Use, Other
What are the basic VFR wx mins for controlled airspace?
A N/A, B C.O.C, C/D 3 1-5-2, E <10,000 3 1-5-2 | E >10,000 5 1-1-1
What is the pilot’s responsibility prior to entering controlled airspace even if under radar advisories?
Ensure that ATC clearance or radio communication requirements are met.
What are the vertical and lateral boundaries of class A airspace?
18,000 MSL to and including FL 600
Overlying waters w/in 12 NM off the coast of the 48 contiguous States and AK
How can you request a deviation from using the Mode C x-sponder in Class B?
The request must be submitted to the controlling ATC facility at least 1 hour before the proposed operation.
What equipment is required inside class E airspace?
No specific equipment requirements. Transponder use in Mode C and above 10,00 MSL excluding 2,500’ AGL
What requirements must be met for an airport to qualify for Class E to the sfc?
Must have wx observation and reporting capability, and communications capability must exist w/ acft down to rnwy sfc.
What is the height hover taxi are expected to stay below without further ATC approval?
25’ AGL
What is the height air taxi is expected to stay below without further ATC approval
100’ AGL
How long are TAFs valid and what area do they forecast?
Valid for 24 or 30 hours
Forecast 5 NM radius around airport
What lists official wx sources for commercial operators?
OPSPECS
What is a wx observation?
Raw wx data collected by some type of sensor suite (observations/imagery)
What is a wx analysis?
Enhanced depiction and/or interpretation of observed wx data. (wx man made sense of the observation)
What is the AIM CH 7 definition of a forecast?
Predictions based on observations and various mathematical models
When are SIGMETS issued and how long are they valid?
Sever icing, severe/extreme/CAT turbulence, widespread dust storms w/ viz below 3 mi, volcanic ash
Valid for 4 hours
When are Convective SIGMETS issued and how long are they valid?
Sever thunderstorms due to: sfc winds +50kts, hail +3/4”, tornadoes, embedded T-storms, line of T-storms, T-storms w/ precip +heavy affecting 40% + of area at least 3000 Sq Mi
Valid for 2 hours
What are the characteristics of a microburst in terms of:
Size
Intensity
Visual signs
Duration
Size: <1 mi diameter until outflow then 2 1/2 mi diameter
Intenstity: downdrafts of 6,000 fpm, horiz winds of 45 kts
Visual: anywhere w/ convective activity to include virga
Duration: Usually <15 min most intense at 2-4 min
Where can severe turbulence be expected around a T-storm?
Anywhere in the visible storm and up to 20 miles from severe storms
What cloud height does AIM CH 7 regard as extremely hazardous thunderstorms?
Tops 35,000’ +
What temperature range does AIM CH 7 tell you to expect icing?
+2 C to -10 C in visible moisture
What temperature range has an increased chance for lighting strikes?
At altitudes where the temperature is between -5 C and +5 C
What direction are winds given in forecasts?
Relative to True North
What height is the cut off for wind shear to be considered LLWS?
below 2,000’ AGL
What does TEMPO on TAF mean?
Changes expected for <1 hour and in total
What proximity to the airport is VC (vicinity) for?
5 to 10 SM Beyond 10 SM designated as DSNT (Distant)
What does FM in a TAF indicate?
Rapid changes in wx usually occuring in less than 1 hour
What does BECMG in a TAF indicate?
Used when a gradual change in conditions is expected over a longer time period, usually 2 hours
What are the first limit indicators for the EC-130
Torque (TQ)
TOT
N1 (gas generator)
Size of EC-130 Fuel Tank:
Fuel burn at recommended cruz:
Endurance:
143 Gal
<350 lbs/hr
+ 4 hrs
What are the 10 sections of the R44 POH?
Gen, Limits, EPs, Norm, Perform., W/B, Systems, Mx/handling, Supps, Safety Tips
Who is responsible for maintaining acft in airworthy condition?
Who is responsible to determine acft safe for flight?
Owner Operator
PIC
What are the general dimensions of the R44?
Width: ~7’
Height: ~11’
Lenth: ~30’
Rotor Diameter: 33’
What is the amount of blade twist for the M/R on the R44?
What length is the chord?
-6 degrees
10” chord
What are the ratios for the R44 drive system?
Engine to upp. sheave: .778:1 reduction M/R Gearbox: 11:57 reduction T/R Gearbox: 31:27 Increase 2,718 * .778 = 2114.6, 2114.6 * 11 / 57 = 408 RPM 2114.6 * 31 / 27 = 2427.87 RPM
What engine is on the R44 I?
What do the numbers/letters mean?
0-540-F1B5 0 = opposed 540 = 541.5 Cubic Inch Displacement F = Power rating/engine config. 1 = engine mount setup (nose/fixed wing) B = Engine accessories (oil pump, mags) 5 = Spec for counterweights on crankshaft
What are the engine specs for the 0-540-F1B5?
6 cylinder, horiz. Opposed, direct drive, air cooled, carb. equipped, normally aspirated.
Rated: 260 BHP 2800 RPM
De-rated: 205 BHP 2718 RPM (102%)
5 min TOP: 225 BHP 2718 RPM
What is the formula to calculate PA?
DA?
29.92 - field press X 1,000 + FE = PA
Current temp - std temp X 120 + PA = DA
What is critical altitude?
Altitude at which full throttle produces max allowable MCP or TOP
R44 I airspeed limitations: VnE over 2200 lbs VnE Auto Abv MCP Doors off
120 KIAS over 2200 lbs (-10)
100 KIAS Auto (-30)
100 KIAS abv MCP
100 KIAS w/ any door combo removed
R44 I RPM limits pwr on
102% Maximum 408 RPM
101% minimum 404 RPM
R44 I RPM limits pwr off
108% Maximum 432 RPM
90% Minimum 360 RPM
Weights for wt/bal calculations: Oil 100LL Jet-A Water
Oil: 7.5 lbs/gal (4 quarts/gal) 1.875 lbs/quart
100LL: 6 lbs/ gal
Jet-A (JP5): 6.8 lbs/gal
Water: 8.35 lbs/gal
R44 I max GW
Min GW
Wt/seat
Wt/ Baggage compart.
Max GW: 2400 lbs
Min GW: 1550 lbs
/seat: 300 lbs including baggage
Baggage: 50 lbs
R44 I CG envelope limits
Longitudinal:
Lateral:
92 to 102.5 Inches from Datum
+/- 3 Inches Lateral
What is wired through the engine LH magneto?
Contact points for governor and engine tachometer
What is the max operating altitude for the R44 I?
Max DA?
9,000 AGL (w/in 5 min of ground)
14,000 DA
What is required equipment for the R44/ the POH
GOAL-H
Gov, OAT, Alternator, Low rotor RPM warning sys, hydraulics.
What is the fuel capacity of the R44 I?
Main tank: 30.5 Tot / 29.5 Usable
Aux: 17.2 Tot / 17.0 Usable
Total: 47.7 Tot / 46.5 Usable
What is the red line on the manifold pressure indicator?
26.3 IN.HG
How much extra manifold pressure can you pull to obtain TOP in the R44 I?
Add 1.6 IN.HG
Why does the VnE chart depict no flight from 14,000 PA -20 C and above?
VnE at 14,000’ and -20 is 89 kts. Auto VnE would be 59 KIAS. Less than 70 KIAS recommended auto speed/60 KIAS min recommended
What is the definition of land immediately?
Land on nearest clear spot where normal landing can be performed. Be PREPARED TO ENTER AN AUTO
In best glide distance config. what is the glide ratio?
90 KIAS / 90% RPM
4.7 : 1 or ~1 NM / 1300’ AGL
In minimum rate of descent config what is the glide ratio?
55 KIAS / 90% RPM
Min rate of descent is ~ 1350 FPM
Ratio 4:1 or 1 NM / 1500’ AGL
What is the procedure for loss of tail rotor thrust in fwd flight?
Immediately enter auto
Maintain at least 70 KIAS if practical
Select landing site, roll throttle to detent, land
Note: may have cntrlability w/ spds abv 70 KIAS
What is the procedure for engine fire in flight?
Auto Cabin heat OFF Cabin Vent ON Fuel valve depends on engine running/not Batt OFF Brake time permitting
What is the procedure for electrical fire in flight?
Batt/alternator switches OFF Open cabin vents Land Immediately Mixture/Fuel valve OFF Rotor Brake
Battery bypass circuit supplies power to what?
Clock
Engine and rotor Tach
What is the procedure for hydraulic failure?
Verify hyd switch ON
Not restored turn HYD switch OFF
Adjust spd for comfortable cntrl
Land as soon as practical
What conditions require LAND IMMEDIATELY?
Engine failure Drive failure Engine fire / electrical fire Oil Pressure loss Gearbox lights w/ other indications Clutch light w/ other indications CO w/ symptoms
Low fuel light indicates how much fuel remaining?
3 usable gallons
10 minutes at cruise power
When is it required to pull the CLUTCH C/B?
Light stays on for 10 seconds or flickers. Land as soon as practical
Recommended airspeeds: Takeoff/climb Max rate of climb Max Range Max Cruise Significant turbulence Autos
60 KIAS takeoff/climb 55 KIAS VY 100 KIAS Max Range 110 Max Cruise 60 - 70 KIAS significant turbulence Autos 60 - 70 KIAS
What is the minimum oil pressure w/in 30 seconds of start?
25 PSI
At what RPM does the low rotor horn / light come on?
97%
What RPM does rotor stall occur?
80% + 1% per 1,000’ of altitude (DA)
What conditions are most prone to carb ice per POH?
OAT between -4 and 30 C (25 F and 86 F)
Dew point less than 15 C (27 F)
What parameters were hover controllability checked to?
17 kt wind from any direction
up to 9,600’ DA
(refers to IGE chart)
How much does full carb heat reduce hover ceilings?
Up to 2,400 ft
What temperature is R44 I engine cooling demonstrated to?
38 C (100 F) at sea level or 23 C (41 F) abv ISA at altitude
What is the 11,600 DA line on IGE/OGE for?
Hover controllability tested to 9,600’ DA
FAA allows 2,000’ extrapolation beyond actual testing
What power setting is the OGE chart based on?
TOP or Full Throttle
Dimensions of R44 I H/V shaded area
7,000' DA @ 2100 lbs 600' top Sea Level @ 2,400 lbs 400' top Bottom of H/V 10' Lower shaded area starts @ 45 KIAS Top of lower shaded area ~ 20'
What can loading outside the w/b limit result in?
Insufficient control travel for safe operation
What components are part of the tail rotor drive shaft?
lightly loaded damper bearing (no support bearings)
two flex couplings, one at either end of drive shaft
What is a wet sump oil system?
Uses crankcase as a built in oil reservoir
Where is alternate air for the engine pulled from in the event the induction system is clogged?
At the bottom of the radial flow air filter. Big round thing under the helicopter
What pressure does the hydraulic system operate at?
450 to 500 PSI
How does the clutch actuator work?
Upper sheave is raised by electric actuator located between the drive sheaves.
Where is the fuse for the clutch actuator motor?
What does the clutch C/B power?
Located on the test switch panel (caution light test)
Also, a spare fuse located here.
C/B removes power to motor and light
What does the ammeter indicate?
Current to the battery
How does the alternator produce DC current?
Rectifiers (diode bridge) converts AC to DC.
With full carb heat how much extra MAP is required to produce max continuous or TOP?
1.5 INHG
What are the voltages/amp ratings for the 14 V system
12 V / 24 amphr batt
14 V alternator (amp hr?)
What instructions must helicopter be maintained IAW?
Mx Manual, ICA’s, SB’s, Service letters…, and AD’s
Engine power is directly proportional to what?
Rotor RPM
Ex: RPM drops 10%, there is 10% less power
After clutch engagement how soon should the rotor begin to turn?
w/in 5 seconds
What is required awareness trng under SFAR 73
Ground training on:
Energy Management
Low rotor RPM/rotor stall
Low G/Mast Bumping
What is required flt training to act as PIC under SFAR 73
Advanced autorotations
Gov off
low rotor rpm recongition/recovery
Low G/Mast bumping
What req’s must be met to act as PIC in a R44
Awareness training Aeronautical exp: 200+ hrs total 50 hrs in R44 or 10 hrs dual instruction Non-rated reqs 20 hrs dual and 90 day endorsment
What does TOPS stand for?
Tour Operator’s Program of Safety
What is the relationship between T/R thrust and RPM
T/R thrust proportional to square of RPM
How much teetering clearance is between hub and mast?
~12 degrees on R44
Gyroscopic lag in low G causes 10 deg of tilt
Why is low rotor RPM more critical at high DA?
Rotor demand increases and power available decreases
What conditions have to be met for starter to activate?
Grnd: clutch disengaged, rotor brake disengaged, batt on
Flt: w/ clutch engaged, Nr abv 69% allows aerial restart
Starter lockout wired through Nr horn/light circuit
What flight restrictions does TOPS impose?
500’ min alt
1 mi min viz
max bank 30 deg
max pitch 10 deg
What documents have to be carried in the helicopter and what rules req each?
Airworthiness Cert (91.203)
Registration (91.203)
POH (91.9)
Current W/B (NOTE 1 TCDS)
What are general dimensions of TFR’s for sporting events?
3 NM radius 2,500’ AGL
If 91.213 allows flight w/out an inoperative piece of equipment, when does that equipment have to be repaired?
Must be R^2, removed, or inspected at the next required inspection (91.405)
Under part 135, how many 24 hour rest periods are required per quarter?
13 minimum
What are the hour requirements to work single pilot under 135?
500 hours total
100 hours cross country
25 hours night cross country
