Papers by KL Flashcards

Question

What are the three most common methods for assessing spinal cord compression in horses on myelographic examination?

Answer 1

1. Reduction of the dorsal contrast column * 50% commonly used, but likely to have false positives * 70% reduction is more specific * \>60% recommended for C7-T1 2. Reduction in total dural diameter * \>20% commonly used * \>30% recommended for C7-T1 3. The 2-mm rule -- NOT RECOMMENDED

Answer 2

Type 1 CVM: developmental disease of young TB and WBs Type 2 CVM: secondary to degenerative disease of caudal cervical articular process joints; older horses, no breed predilection

Answer 3

* Larger dogs * Larger total volume of contrast (authors propose max dose of 8ml iohexol) * Cerebromedullary cistern injection * Cervical lesion

Answer 4

1. PV:AoVT \> 1.2 * Pulmonic valve : aortic valve in transverse plane 2. PV:AoAs \< 0.8 * Pulmonic valve to the aortic annulus in a sagittal plane

Answer 5

Vascularization type was considered relative to enhancement of the spleen (systemic arterial supply). rTTE (lesion) = TTE lesion / TTE spleen If rTTE \> 1 --\> likely systemic circulation (bronchial artery) If rTTE \< 1 --\> likely pulmonary arterial supply

Answer 6

rTTE had an approximately 63% sensitivity and 78% specificity for differentiating types of pulmonary neoplasia https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.12691

Answer 7

Mediastinal thymomas tended to have non-enhancing regions within them, and had a centripetal pattern of enhancement. Mediastinal lymphomas enhanced throughout the lesion and had a centrifugal pattern of enhancement. https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.12691

Answer 8

While there was a fair amount of overlap, most non-neoplastic masses had pulmonary arterial supply (78%) and most neoplastic masses had bronchial arterial supply (63%). https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.12691

Answer 9

Lateral aspect of the MF in the hind limbs https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.12675

Answer 10

* Asymmetric hypoechogenicity and thickening * Unattached margin of the MF * Ruptured edges of the MF floating in effusion * Flexor tendon sheath effusion Dynamic flexion: reduced sliding of SDFT, anechoic gap between SDFT and DDFT, medial displacement of SDFT relative to DDFT (this one may be characteristic of MF tear) https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.12675

Answer 11

1. Subcutaneous tissue 2. SDFT 3. DDFT 4. Digital flexor tendon sheath cavity 2a: MF 4a: SDFT mesotenon 4b, thickened synovial membrane \*anechoic synovial effusion of the digital flexor tendon sheath White arrow: medial displacement of the SDFT relative to the DDFT, acquired with dynamic flexion of the fetlock, likely a characteristic appearance of MF tear https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.12675

Answer 12

GBM = grade IV astrocytoma GC = wide-spread, diffusely infiltrative glial neoplasia of the CNS that affects 3+ contiguous cerebral lobes

Answer 13

Prevalence: 15% of dogs had at least one thyroid nodule Of these nodules, 22% were malignant (adenocarcinoma) Pollard, R.E., Bohannon, L.K. & Feldman, E.C. (2014) PREVALENCE OF INCIDENTAL THYROID NODULES IN ULTRASOUND STUDIES OF DOGS WITH HYPERCALCEMIA (2008-2013). Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 63–67

Answer 14

- Adenomas, cysts, adenocarcinoma, and nodular hyperplasia were identified. - No sonographic features could be used to differentiate these lesions. Pollard, R.E., Bohannon, L.K. & Feldman, E.C. (2014) PREVALENCE OF INCIDENTAL THYROID NODULES IN ULTRASOUND STUDIES OF DOGS WITH HYPERCALCEMIA (2008-2013). Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 63–67

Answer 15

- All parathyroid lesions were round or oval-shaped and hypoechoic to the thyroid parenchyma. Some had distal acoustic enhancement. - Significant difference in size between neoplastic and non-neoplastic nodules. - All neoplastic nodules were _\>_ 4mm in maximum dimension - All but one hyperplastic nodules were \< 4mm -- this larger one was secondary to CKD Wisner, VRU 1997 38(6)

Answer 16

- All pancreatic nodules were visible on B-mode ultrasound - CEUS resulted in increased conspicuity of the nodules and better demarcation of their margins. - CE patterns were different in all three nodules (hyperechoic for 5 sec, mildly hyperechoic for 1 sec, hypoechoic for over 30 sec)

Answer 17

1. Rapid, intense enhancement of the serosa and submucosa 2. Gradual enhancement of the remainder of the wall 3. At peak enhancement, loss of demarcation between wall layers 4. Slow wash-out, with submucosa wash out occurring last Diana, A., Specchi, S., Baron Toaldo, M., et al. (2011) CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE SMALL BOWEL IN HEALTHY CATS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 52, 555–559

Answer 18

Arrival time: 7 sec TTP: 10 sec Diana, A., Specchi, S., Baron Toaldo, M., et al. (2011) CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE SMALL BOWEL IN HEALTHY CATS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 52, 555–559

Answer 19

**Normal:** central vessel --\> radial vessels --\> homogeneous CE with phrenicoabdominal vein visible **Three Abnormal Patterns in PDH:** 1. central vessel --\> disorderly uptake in the entire gland --\> homogeneous CE 2. no central vessel --\> disorderly uptake in the entire gland --\> homogeneous CE 3. abnormal, nodular-appearing vessels --\> progressive nodular appearance --\> homogeneous CE

Answer 20

The disorderly CE pattern was more pronounced in dogs with higher cortisol levels (\> 24 ug/dl) Bargellini, P., Orlandi, R., Paloni, C., et al. (2013) CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ADRENAL GLANDS IN DOGS WITH PITUITARY-DEPENDENT HYPERADRENOCORTICISM. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 54, 283–292

Answer 21

12 hour fast --\> measure GB volume --\> feed a standardized meal +/- administer erythromycin --\> re-measure GB at set time points within 2 hours of meal. Normal EF _\>_ 25% within 2 hours Tsukagoshi, T., Ohno, K., Tsukamoto, A., et al. (2011) DECREASED GALLBLADDER EMPTYING IN DOGS WITH BILIARY SLUDGE OR GALLBLADDER MUCOCELE. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 53, 84–91

Answer 22

**EJECTION FRACTION** * DECREASED in all groups compared to normal dogs * Mobile sludge EF \> immobile = mucocele **VOLUME:** INCREASED in all groups compares to normal dogs; largest in mucocele group Tsukagoshi, T., Ohno, K., Tsukamoto, A., et al. (2011) DECREASED GALLBLADDER EMPTYING IN DOGS WITH BILIARY SLUDGE OR GALLBLADDER MUCOCELE. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 53, 84–91

Answer 23

1. Retina, choroid, and retrobulbar structures 2. Iris and ciliary body 3. Optic nerve Color Doppler signal intensity was much weaker, especially around the iris and ciliary body

Answer 24

Small splenic arteries become visible --\> heterogeneous enhancement in the early phase --\> homogeneous at peak CE Rossi, F., Fina, C., Stock, E., et al. (2016) EFFECT OF SEDATION ON CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE SPLEEN IN HEALTHY DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 276–281

Answer 25

No effect of torb Dex causes reduced enhancement, appears diffusely hypoechoic. Measured parameters of time were all delayed (AT, TTP, wash-in) and peak intensity was reduced. Rossi, F., Fina, C., Stock, E., et al. (2016) EFFECT OF SEDATION ON CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE SPLEEN IN HEALTHY DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 276–281

Answer 26

Swirling, echogenic. Likely due to mucus and calcium carbonate. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2007.00297.x

Answer 27

* Peristaltic movements of the ureters can be used for ID of this structure. * Ductus deferens is seen dorsomedial to the ureters. * Ampullae are very round and hyperechoic, dorsolateral to ureters. * Seminal vesicles are fluid-filled and dorsal to the urethra. The UVJs are seen as somewhat flattened, oval-shaped structures on the dorsal surface of the bladder. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2007.00297.x

Answer 28

* Bladder wall: 3mm * Ureteral wall: 1.8 mm * Urethral wall: 5mm

Answer 29

Diacylglycerol -- very hydrophobic doi: 10.1111/vru.12100

Answer 30

Increasing cortical echogenicity is related to increased concentrations of urinary lipid doi: 10.1111/vru.12100

Answer 31

Twinkle artifact occurs deep to a strongly reflective surface, appearing as a quickly fluctuating mixture of Doppler signals. This occurs due to a narrow band signal error. Dependent on size and surface texture of a structure, but not mineral composition. Louvet, A. (2006) TWINKLING ARTIFACT IN SMALL ANIMAL COLOR-DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 47, 384–390

Answer 32

Muscularis thickening is associated with disease in the mucosa and submucosa Lymphadenopathy is associated with disease in the mucosa and submucosa +/- muscularis Zwingenberger, A.L., Marks, S.L., Baker, T.W., et al. (2010) Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Muscularis Propria in Cats with Diffuse Small Intestinal Lymphoma or Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 24, 289–292

Answer 33

Muscular hypertrophy, muscular shortening, or infiltrative disease not identified on histopath (i.e. not biopsied at the same site as seen on US)

Answer 34

IBD was not associated with muscularis thickening.

Answer 35

* Esophageal wall: 5 mm * Cardia wall: 5 mm * Pyloric wall: 4.4 mm * Muscularis layer of the pylorus: 2.5 mm * Length of the proximal duodenal submucosal thickening: 4.7 mm Couturier, L., Rault, D., Gatel, L., et al. (2012) ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE FELINE CARDIA AND PYLORUS IN 34 HEALTHY CATS AND THREE ABNORMAL CATS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 53, 342–347

Answer 36

AVF - direct communication between artery and vein, usually acquired AVM - network of abnormal vessels representing AV connection ("nidus"). Suspected to be congenital. Extra-hepatic = AVF Intra-hepatic = AVM Specchi, S., Rossi, F., Weisse, C., et al. (2018) Canine and feline abdominal arterioportal communications can be classified based on branching patterns in computed tomographic angiography. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 59, 687–696

Answer 37

Bilaterally symmetrical T2w-hyperintensities of the lateral geniculate nuclei, caudal colliculi, facial nuclei, medial vestibular nuclei, red nuclei, and cerebellar nodulus LG CC F MV R CN LarGe Crunchy Cats Forcibly Meowing Very Rudely. CAT NO!

Answer 38

* V/B \> 0.6 * Elevation of corpus callosum * Flattening of the interthalamic adhesion (dorsoventrally) * Periventricular edema * Dilation of the olfactory recesses * Thinning of the cortical sulci +/- subarachnoid space * Disruption of the internal capsule adjacent to the caudate nucleus

Answer 39

Marked thickening of the sacculus rotundus and the appendix with preservation of wall layering and mucosal speckling. DX: granulomatous sacculitis and appendicitis

Answer 40

10 ml/kg: 25-55% 15 ml/kg: 50-74% Highest in the left lung lobes Kim, H., Kim, Y.J., Lee, H., et al. (2018) Computed tomographic and radiographic bronchial collapse may be a normal characteristic of forced expiration in dogs. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 59, 551–563

Answer 41

Brachys were more collapsible in all lung lobes (70-85%) compared to 25-55% in normal Beagles. Yoon, H., Yu, J., An, G., et al. (2020) CT and radiographic evaluation of bronchial collapsibility at forced expiration in asymptomatic brachycephalic dogs. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 61, 167–180

Answer 42

OVERESTIMATE The degree of overestimation is larger in brachycephalic dogs than that in healthy Beagle dogs

Answer 43

* No difference between single and multi-voxel techniques * N-acetyl aspartase was higher in the thalamus than in the parietal lobe * Contralateral ROI were similar to one another ## Footnote Lee, A.M., Beasley, M.J., Barrett, E.D., et al. (2018) Single-voxel and multi-voxel spectroscopy yield comparable results in the normal juvenile canine brain when using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 59, 577–586

Answer 44

Brachy \> Doli with airway collapse \> Normal Other correlated factors positively correlated with PC: * Higher BCS * Higher BW * Older

Answer 45

4 is incorrect. Power Doppler flow was only identified in horse had HAD abnormalities on B-mode ultrasound. This was noted in both the sound and lame horses and in lame horses. Rabba, S., Grulke, S., Verwilghen, D., et al. (2018) B-mode and power Doppler ultrasonography of the equine suspensory ligament branches: A descriptive study on 13 horses. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 59, 453–460

Answer 46

* IRU at this level is specific, so unlikely to be a false positive --\> this is likely a real lesion associated with the proximal suspensory ligament * Poor sensitivity at this level --\> normal does not rule out a lesion of the suspensory ligament! In fact, according to a study from 2006, most cases of SL desmitis appear normal on bone scans. Quiney, L.E., Ireland, J.L. & Dyson, S.J. (2018) Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of skeletal scintigraphy in lame and poorly performing sports horses. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 59, 477–489

Answer 47

W:L ratio \>0.5 Perfusion parameters on CEUS NOT: echotexture, margins, invasiveness, doppler Feliciano, M.A.R., Ramirez, R.A.U., Maronezi, M.C., et al. (2018) Accuracy of four ultrasonography techniques in predicting histopathological classification of canine mammary carcinomas. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 59, 444–452

Answer 48

Can be normal, but common abnormalities include gallbladder debris, common bile duct dilation, liver enlargement, hyperechoic liver parenchyma, and an enlarged pancreas. No significant difference, but cats with neutrophilic cholangitis seemed more likely to have changes consistent with pancreatitis. Marolf, A.J., Leach, L., Gibbons, D.S., et al. (2012) Ultrasonographic Findings of Feline Cholangitis. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 48, 42–46

Answer 49

Gallbladder wall thickening and sludge were associated with increased probability of positive bile culture. 96% sensitivity: nearly all cats with positive results of bile bacterial culture had abnormal results of gallbladder US 50% specific: abnormal results of gallbladder US were poorly specific because of their common occurrence in cats with negative results of bile culture (high false-negative rate). Policelli Smith, R., Gookin, J.L., Smolski, W., et al. (2017) Association between Gallbladder Ultrasound Findings and Bacterial Culture of Bile in 70 Cats and 202 Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 31, 1451–1458

Answer 50

Origin: transverse processes of L2 and L3 Insertion: lesser trochanter of the femur The origin at L2 and the origin of the iliacus portion of the muscle were consistently difficult to image.

Answer 51

* Mean attenuation ranged from -50 to +50 HU * Most masses had at least some fat attenuating area within them (77%) * All liposarcomas are contrast enhancing (thus distinguishing them from lipomas and infiltrative lipomas) * About half are encapsulated * Few have mineralization * Rarely can infiltrate bone Fuerst, J.A., Reichle, J.K., Szabo, D., et al. (2017) COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN 24 DOGS WITH LIPOSARCOMA. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 23–28

Answer 52

* Threee forms: extradural mass, paravertebral mas with invasion through foramina, or polyostotic spinal lesions * **MRI:** T2 hyper, T1 hypo, mildly CE, STIR HYPER!! * **CT:** * Extradural lesion: iso- to mildly hyperattenuating to cord causing severe compression * Paravertebral mass: invaded through foramina, periosteal reaction of adjacent rib _without_ lysis, mild CE

Answer 53

* Increased age and TNCC were significantly associated with poorer prognosis * Midline shift, CSF total protein, and weight were _not_ significant Oliphant, B.J., Barnes Heller, H.L. & White, J.M. (2017) Retrospective Study Evaluating Associations Between Midline Brain Shift on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Survival in Dogs Diagnosed With Meningoencephalitis of Unknown Etiology. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 58, 38–43

Answer 54

1. Reliability of GFR measurements was high among experienced observers. TRUE 2. Variations in GFR measurements rarely led to differences in clinical classification among **MORE** exeperienced observers. 3. Changes in GFR values by (_+)_ 0.4 ml/min/kg in cats with chronic kidney disease may be due to inherent variability rather than treatment effect. TRUE 4. Cats with subclinical renal insufficiency have global GFR values between 1.2 and 2.5 ml/min/kg. TRUE

Answer 55

**(Bold = affected by varied stance)** 1. Distal phalanx angle 2. **DIPJ angle** 3. **PIPJ angle** 4. Lateral and medial joint spaces of the DIPJ 5. Lateral and medial joint spaces of the PIPJ 6. **Hoof pastern axis** Pauwels, F.E., Rogers, C.W., Wharton, H., et al. (2017) Radiographic Measurements of Hoof Balance Are Significantly Influenced By a Horse’S Stance. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 58, 10–17

Answer 56

Hair shafts within the dorsal recess of the PIPJ confirm intra-articular communication of the wound. This does not, however, always mean the joint is septic! Hair = thin, linear, hyperechoic structures without shadowing Partlow, J.L., Lustgarten, M. & Redding, W.R. (2017) Clinical, Ultrasonographic, and Arthroscopic Characteristics of Hair Shafts Within Synovial Structures of Seven Horses. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 58, 76–82

Answer 57

* Q_s/Q_p is a measure of the magnitude of a cardiovascular shunt (systemic flow / pulmonary flow). * Q_s/Q_p = SV_LV / SV _RV * Q_s/Q_p \< 1 is considered insignificant; up to 2 is borderline Lee, Y., Jung, J., Park, J., et al. (2017) CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS IN THREE DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 62–75

Answer 58

Persistent left cranial vena cava occurs when the left-sided cranial venous cardinal system fails to evolve into the coronary sinus. Lee, Y., Jung, J., Park, J., et al. (2017) CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS IN THREE DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 62–75

Answer 59

* Bilaterally symmetric, T2w-hyperintense, T1w-hypointense, non-CE lesions WITHOUT edema or mass effect * Locations: thalamus, hippocampus, brainstem, basal nuceli, ventral horn of the spinal cord * OR: completely normal. Try MRI Spec. Beckmann, K., Steffen, F., Ohlerth, S., et al. (2016) THREE TESLA MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS IN 12 CASES OF CANINE CENTRAL EUROPEAN TICK-BORNE MENINGOENCEPHALOMYELITIS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 41–48

Answer 60

* **Affected dogs:** higher glutamate/glutamine peaks, lower N-acetyl aspartate and creatine peaks (GGNC) * **No difference:** myoinositol and choline signals * No lactate or lipid signal in any dogs Sievert, C., Richter, H., Beckmann, K., et al. (2017) Comparison Between Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Findings in Dogs With Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Clinically Normal Dogs. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 58, 53–61

Answer 61

Low concentration of N-acetyl aspartate and creatine is the only common feature. Lipids, lactate, and taurine signal may help differentiate infectious from non-infectious. * NONE of the tick-borne encephalitis patients included in this study had these markers, whereas they have been reported with non-infectious inflammatory disease.

Answer 62

* T/S ratio is the most sensitive * TcTU (% uptake) is most associated with T4 * T/B (axilla, heart, trachea) -- heart has best sensitivity Peterson, M.E., Guterl, J.N., Rishniw, M., et al. (2016) EVALUATION OF QUANTITATIVE THYROID SCINTIGRAPHY FOR DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING OF DISEASE SEVERITY IN CATS WITH HYPERTHYROIDISM: COMPARISON OF THE PERCENT THYROIDAL UPTAKE OF PERTECHNETATE TO THYROID-TO-SALIVARY RATIO AND THYROID-TO-BACKGROUND RATIOS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 427–440

Answer 63

* What is a normal T/S ratio? **0.9 (up to 1.5)** * What is a normal percent dose uptake? **0.2% to 4% depending on the paper**

Answer 64

Prevalence ~4% Typically intra-thoracic (midline mediastinal) -- \>80% Lingual ~10%

Answer 65

* Low metastatic rate in ferrets (\<5%) * Hypoechoic, round to oval shape, smooth margins, multiple nodules, in right or left lobe fairly equally with few found in the region of the body * Abstract says primarily homogeneous, but more of the nodules were classified as heterogeneous in the actual paper.... * (43% homo- vs. 54% hetero-) Wu, R.-S.S., Liu, Y.-J.J., Chu, C.-C.C., et al. (2017) Ultrasonographic features of insulinoma in six ferrets. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 607–612

Answer 66

* Intramedullary, eccentric, well-marginated, ovoid masses * Cause increased diameter of the spinal cord and narrowing of the subarachnoid space * Most commonly T1w iso- to hypointense and T2w hyperintense * A case report (cited below) described a T1w-HYPERintense, extensive intramedullary oligodendroglioma (possibly due to extensive necrosis) Schkeeper, A.E., Moon, R., Shrader, S., et al. (2016) IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF A MULTIFOCAL OLIGODENDROGLIOMA IN THE SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN OF A DOG. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, E49–E54

Answer 67

* Fat * Flow-related changes (slow flow) * Cholesterol * Calcification (manganese, iron, copper) * Methemoglobin * Melanin * Necrosis * Proteinaceous fluid * Posterior pituitary (vasopressin) FFCCMMPP + N

Answer 68

* TBs had a higher incidence of stress fracture (40%) * Both groups had a higher incidence of soft tissue injuries than had been previously reported, but these were most often not thought to be primarily responsible for lameness * TBs 20% * SBs 37% * SBs had higher incidence of synovitis and joint capsule thickening Olive, J., Serraud, N., Vila, T., et al. (2017) Metacarpophalangeal joint injury patterns on magnetic resonance imaging: A comparison in racing Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 58, 588–597

Answer 69

* TBs had an increased incidence and severity of subchondral sclerosis * SBs had more frequent subchondral defects and resorption, and more frequent dorsomedial subchondral lesions Olive, J., Serraud, N., Vila, T., et al. (2017) Metacarpophalangeal joint injury patterns on magnetic resonance imaging: A comparison in racing Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 58, 588–597

Answer 70

* Fat area and fat area ratio * FAR = fat area/mean vertebral body area * Qualitative: trapezoidal shape of the intervertebral foramina at L6 and L7 Mukherjee, M., JONES, J.C., Holásková, I., et al. (2017) Phenotyping of lumbosacral stenosis in Labrador retrievers using computed tomography. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 565–580

Answer 71

Regarding nasal airflow resistance in English Bulldogs, which of the following is/are CORRECT: (correct answers in bold) * **There was marked variation of airway resistance within the nasal cavity in most dogs.** * In most dogs, the middle and caudal portions of the nasal cavity had the highest resistance to airflow. * _Rostral_ portion of the nasal cavity had the highest resistance. * **Measures of airflow are likely underestimated by this model.** * **Nasal turbinectomy may reduce airflow resistance at the level of highest resistance.** Hostnik, E.T., Scansen, B.A., Zielinski, R., et al. (2017) Quantification of nasal airflow resistance in English bulldogs using computed tomography and computational fluid dynamics. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 542–551

Answer 72

* Excellent sens/spec (high 90s) * PPV 98%; NPV 85% * Most frequent locations of lesions: * Middle third of each of the following: medial tibial condyle, medial femoral condyle, and the patella * Similar to humans Hontoir, F., Clegg, P., Simon, V., et al. (2017) Accuracy of computed tomographic arthrography for assessment of articular cartilage defects in the ovine stifle. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 512–523

Answer 73

* Multifocal increased lung attenuation affecting multiple lobes with a primarily peripheral distribution * GGO and consolidation * Nodules with ill-defined margins * TB LN enlargement in most dogs * Pulmonary arterial filling defects in some dogs?? * They literally only mention this as an afterthought in the discussion section. Like assholes. * Mild peripheral bronchial dilation Coia, M.E., Hammond, G., Chan, D., et al. (2017) Retrospective evaluation of thoracic computed tomography findings in dogs naturally infected by Angiostrongylus vasorum. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 524–534

Answer 74

- Successful in 89% within 3 minutes of injection - Pressure from ET tube ties or recumbency may have interrupted lymphatic flow. Grimes, J.A., Secrest, S.A., Northrup, N.C., et al. (2017) Indirect computed tomography lymphangiography with aqueous contrast for evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes in dogs with tumors of the head. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 559–564

Answer 75

- Majority of SLNs were the ipsilateral mandibular LN - Contralateral mandibular LN or both ipsilateral and contralateral mandibular LN in 12% - Dose: 1 ml Grimes, J.A., Secrest, S.A., Northrup, N.C., et al. (2017) Indirect computed tomography lymphangiography with aqueous contrast for evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes in dogs with tumors of the head. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 559–564

Answer 76

* CKCS had significantly flatter bullae * Pugs and both types of Bulldogs had thicker walls of the bullae and an increasingly rostral location of the bullae relative to the TMJ * No significant relationship between bulla morphology and middle ear effusion, however about 50% of brachycephalics had effusion * 68% of CKCS -- primary secretory otitis media * 0% of Labs/JRTs had it (how is this not significant?) Mielke, B., Lam, R. & ter Haar, G. (2017) Computed tomographic morphometry of tympanic bulla shape and position in brachycephalic and mesaticephalic dog breeds. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 552–558

Answer 77

* Interthalamic adhesion thickness (ITA) * Cut-off \< 4.7 mm * ITA/brain height (BH) --\> referred to as ITA_r * Cut-off \< 14% * ITA_r / (LV/BH) * = ITA_r / LV_r * Cut-off \< 0.7 * Significant differences found in each of the categories, but recommend using the size-normalized values Noh, D., Choi, S., Choi, H., et al. (2017) Evaluation of interthalamic adhesion size as an indicator of brain atrophy in dogs with and without cognitive dysfunction. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 581–587

Answer 78

* Thickening of the parietal pleura in the absence of thickened visceral pleura * Thoracic wall invasion (uncommon but only seen in the malignant group) * Older dogs * *_NO DIFFERENCE:_* *volume of effusion, degree of pleural CE, amount of pannus, or prevalence of mediastinal lymphadenopathy* Watton, T.C., Lara-Garcia, A. & Lamb, C.R. (2017) Can malignant and inflammatory pleural effusions in dogs be distinguished using computed tomography? Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 58, 535–541

Answer 79

* Hypointense on T1w GRE pre- and post-contrast images (much more hypointense post) * Heterogeneity correlated with increasing grade (hemorrhage or necrosis) * Signal intensity values \<1 -- implies impaired but persistent hepatocyte function * Max hepatic CE (and therefore delineation of the mass) ~ 10 min Constant, C., Hecht, S., Craig, L.E., et al. (2016) GADOXETATE DISODIUM (GD-EOB-DTPA) CONTRAST ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 594–600

Answer 80

* PAL desmitis: thickening of the PAL, tenosynovitis, SQ thickening * Dynamic exam: * Restricted gliding between SDFT and PAL * Increased long linear echo angulation (\> 13 degrees) * Slightly increased anechoic gap between SDFT and DDFT (maybe not significant) DiGiovanni, D.L., RADEMACHER, N., Riggs, L.M., et al. (2016) DYNAMIC SONOGRAPHY OF THE EQUINE METACARPO(TARSO)PHALANGEAL DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDON SHEATH. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 621–629

Answer 81

* Coronary band = most active * Tendons = least active * Lesions included: * Lysis of the flexor cortex (granulation tissue = active) * Lesions of the flexor tendons and SL (active \>\> inactive) * Multifocal lack of uptake in the lamina of horses with laminitis

Answer 82

Sensitivity ranged from 4-30% without a significant change with the addition of a caudal view. Specificity was good (85-95%) but dropped (non-significantly) with the addition of a caudal view. Graham, S., Solano, M., Sutherland-Smith, J., et al. (2014) DIAGNOSTIC SENSITIVITY OF BONE SCINTIGRAPHY FOR EQUINE STIFLE DISORDERS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 96–102

Answer 83

Focal muscle uptake (and possible myonecrosis) after a peroneal nerve block. Superimposed with tibial diaphysis on the lateral view, but slightly lateral to the tibia on the caudal view. Griffin IV, J.F., Young, B.D., Fosgate, G.T., et al. (2010) FOCAL SKELETAL MUSCLE UPTAKE OF 99mTECHNETIUM-HYDROXYMETHYLENE Diphosphonate FOLLOWING PERONEAL NERVE BLOCKS IN HORSES. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 51, 338–343

Answer 84

* 50% of horses will have muscle uptake * In 20% of horses it could be mistaken for a tibial lesion * Lasts up to 7 days * Higher dose volume and higher BW--\> increased count density Griffin IV, J.F., Young, B.D., Fosgate, G.T., et al. (2010) FOCAL SKELETAL MUSCLE UPTAKE OF 99mTECHNETIUM-HYDROXYMETHYLENE Diphosphonate FOLLOWING PERONEAL NERVE BLOCKS IN HORSES. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 51, 338–343

Answer 85

PS happens under phsyiologic conditions -- i.e., not when contrast is injected directly into PV, but happens with per-rectal absorption. Most common = ventral distribution, supplied by the left branch of the PV. Caudal mesenteric vein is known to preferentially flow here. Daniel, G.B., DeNovo, R.C., Sharp, D.S., et al. (2004) Portal streamlining as a cause of nonuniform hepatic distribution of sodium pertechnetate during per-rectal portal scintigraphy in the dog. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 45, 78–84

Answer 86

Prevalence ~ 20% Focal dorsal distributions are more likely to influence quantitative analysis of the images. Often exclude the most dorsal part of liver to avoid accidentally including the shunt. Leaving out the dorsally distributed RP coul lead to a FALSE-POSITIVE diagnosis of PSS Daniel, G.B., DeNovo, R.C., Sharp, D.S., et al. (2004) Portal streamlining as a cause of nonuniform hepatic distribution of sodium pertechnetate during per-rectal portal scintigraphy in the dog. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 45, 78–84

Answer 87

* **Heterotopic bone** (myositis ossificans, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva) * **Metastatic calcification** (hyperparathyroidism, uremia, hypercalcemia of malignancy) * **Dystrophic mineralization** (chronic inflammation, HAC, neoplasia, mineralized hematoma, infarction, fat necrosis) * **Idiopathic soft tisse calcification** (tumoral calcinosis, alveolar microlithiasis) * **Urinary tract abnormalities** (hydronephrosis, infarct, cyst) * Dehydration/decreased CO * Edema * Acute muscle injury, myositis, muscle infarction or necrosis Lamb, C.R. (1990) NON-SKELETAL DISTRIBUTION OF BONE-SEEKING RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 31, 246–253

Answer 88

* Urine contamination * Extravasation of dose -- skin, lymph nodes * Thyroid, SG, and gastric uptake of free pertechnetate * Site of unrelated IV or IM injection Lamb, C.R. (1990) NON-SKELETAL DISTRIBUTION OF BONE-SEEKING RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 31, 246–253

Answer 89

* If there is no shunt, the radiopharmaceutical will never make it to the heart. * Higher absorption from the spleen * Better morphologic evaluation of the liver * Primarily excreted through feces, not urine -- better from radiation safety standpoint Morandi, F. (2014) Liver Scintigraphy in Veterinary Medicine. YSNUC 44, 15–23

Answer 90

* 92% successful * Sentinel LN: * MILN \> Sacral \> IILN * 25% of cases had multiple sentinel LN with distinct lymphatic tracts * Ipsilateral SLN in 66%

Answer 91

Very large primary tumor size, lymphadenomegaly, patient positioning Majeski, S.A., Steffey, M.A., Fuller, M., et al. (2017) INDIRECT COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC LYMPHOGRAPHY FOR ILIOSACRAL LYMPHATIC MAPPING IN A COHORT OF DOGS WITH ANAL SAC GLAND ADENOCARCINOMA: TECHNIQUE DESCRIPTION. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 295–303

Answer 92

* Ground-glass opacity * Mosaic attenuation pattern * Bronchial wall thickening * Less common: * Nodules * Parenchymal & subpleural bands * Bronchiectasis Roels, E., Couvreur, T., Farnir, F., et al. (2017) COMPARISON BETWEEN SEDATION AND GENERAL ANESTHESIA FOR HIGH RESOLUTION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF CANINE IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS IN WEST HIGHLAND WHITE TERRIERS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 284–294

Answer 93

* T2w/FLAIR/PD hyperintense to gray matter * T1w iso- to hyperintense * Dogs are iso- to hypointense * T2\* GRE iso- to hyperintense * CE primarily strong and homogeneous, but can be mild DeJesus, A., Cohen, E.B., Galban, E., et al. (2017) MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF INTRAVENTRICULAR EPENDYMOMAS IN FIVE CATS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 326–333

Answer 94

* Most common: mixed pattern, bilateral and symmetrical, multifocal, peripheral and dorsal * Post-obstructive: asymmetric, unilateral, dorsal distribution (did not reach significance) * When unilateral, most often R caudal lung lobe * No features differed between survivors and non-survivors Bouyssou, S., Specchi, S., Desquilbet, L., et al. (2017) RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF PRESUMED NONCARDIOGENIC PULMONARY EDEMA AND CORRELATION WITH THE UNDERLYING CAUSE IN DOGS AND CATS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 259–265

Answer 95

* Pseudo-odontoma = odontogenic dysplasia in ageing rodents and lagomorphs; odontogenic tissue is continuously deposited in the apical area of the affected incisor, causing remodeling and disruption of the alveolar bone * CT Appearance: * Hyperattenuating pulp and dentin in the reserve crown and apical zone * Multilobular hyperattenuating mass encroaching on midline and growing caudally and ventrally * 60% of prairie dogs with maxillary incisor pseudo-odontomas had deformities of the hard palate with the mass bulging into the oral cavity Pelizzone, I., Di Ianni, F., Volta, A., et al. (2017) COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF INCISOR PSEUDO-ODONTOMAS IN PRAIRIE DOGS ( CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS). Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 273–283

Answer 96

* Prevalence of incidental thyroid tumors: 0.76% * Non-incidental masses: 82% malignant * Incidentally-identified masses: 70% malignant Bertolini, G., Drigo, M., Angeloni, L., et al. (2017) INCIDENTAL AND NONINCIDENTAL CANINE THYROID TUMORS ASSESSED BY MULTIDETECTOR ROW COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY: A SINGLE-CENTRE CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY IN 4520 DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 304–314

Answer 97

* Ovoid to round shape * Can have regular or irregular margins \*\* * Large * Mineralization \*\* * Inhomogeneous pre- and post-C \*\* * Intratumoral vascularization * Lymphadenopathy \*\* features identified with malignant masses only Bertolini, G., Drigo, M., Angeloni, L., et al. (2017) INCIDENTAL AND NONINCIDENTAL CANINE THYROID TUMORS ASSESSED BY MULTIDETECTOR ROW COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY: A SINGLE-CENTRE CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY IN 4520 DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 304–314

Answer 98

* Internal ophthalmoplegia = areflexive mydriasis * What is external ophthalmoparesis = ptosis, dorsolateral strabismus, lack of adduction on vestibulo-ocular reflex Tetas Pont, R., Freeman, C., Dennis, R., et al. (2017) CLINICAL AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF IDIOPATHIC OCULOMOTOR NEUROPATHY IN 14 DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 334–343

Answer 99

* MRI features: * Variable enlargement - mild to marked in 11/14 * Variable CE - mild to marked in 12/14 * More often focal than diffuse * Lesions restricted to CN III * Prognosis: non-progressive, improves in 50% Tetas Pont, R., Freeman, C., Dennis, R., et al. (2017) CLINICAL AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF IDIOPATHIC OCULOMOTOR NEUROPATHY IN 14 DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 334–343

Answer 100

* MRI resulted in more advanced staging in one dog * Due to cribriform plate lysis not identified on CT * MRI showed evidence of meningeal enhancement in 2 dogs that was not seen on CT * Clinical significance unknown at this point * MRI showed invasion into sphenoid sinus in one dog (not seen on CT) * MRI measurement of tumor volume was ~18% larger on average * Unclear whether CT or MRI is more accurate thought Lux, C.N., Culp, W.T.N.N., Johnson, L.R., et al. (2017) PROSPECTIVE COMPARISON OF TUMOR STAGING USING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY VERSUS MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS IN DOGS WITH NASAL NEOPLASIA: A PILOT STUDY. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 315–325

Answer 101

* Findings associated with lymphadenitis * Younger; cut-off: 6.5 years * Lethargy, neck pain, fever * Peri-nodal and muscle CE * Findings associated with neoplasia: * Larger size (but width:height ratio not different between groups) * Older dogs, non-painful Johnson, P.J., Elders, R., Pey, P., et al. (2016) CLINICAL AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF INFLAMMATORY VERSUS NEOPLASTIC MEDIAL RETROPHARYNGEAL LYMPH NODE MASS LESIONS IN DOGS AND CATS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 24–32

Answer 102

1. Focal region of intramedullary T2w hyperintensity overlying an IVDS 2. Reduction in volume of the T2w hyperintense nucleus pulposus signal 3. Mild narrowing of the associated disc space 4. Non-compressive extradural material or no extradural material (MINIMAL compression might be allowed?) Fenn, J., Drees, R., Volk, H.A., et al. (2016) INTER- AND INTRAOBSERVER AGREEMENT FOR DIAGNOSING PRESUMPTIVE ISCHEMIC MYELOPATHY AND ACUTE NONCOMPRESSIVE NUCLEUS PULPOSUS EXTRUSION IN DOGS USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 33–40

Answer 103

* Inter-observer: moderate * Intra-observer: moderate to good * Agreement was best for lesions directly over a vertebral body (94% dx'ed as IM) and over an IVDS (85% dx'ed as ANNPE) * Agreement was worst about the presence of IVDS narrowing, IVD degeneration, and SC compression

Answer 104

* Lesion length greater for IM than ANNPE * C1-5: 90% ANNPE * C6-T2: 75% IM * L4-S3: 75% IM * No significant difference in the T3-L3 location Fenn, J., Drees, R., Volk, H.A., et al. (2016) INTER- AND INTRAOBSERVER AGREEMENT FOR DIAGNOSING PRESUMPTIVE ISCHEMIC MYELOPATHY AND ACUTE NONCOMPRESSIVE NUCLEUS PULPOSUS EXTRUSION IN DOGS USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 33–40

Answer 105

* Increased VHS and cardiac size to thorax ratio * Mean VHS 9.8 to 10.3 * Increased E point-to-septal separation (associated with decreased systolic function of LV) * Increased LVID in both diastole and systole * Decreased fractional shortening and sphericity index * New regurgitation in all valves; mitral most severe Wang, H.-C., Hung, C.-T., Lee, W.-M., et al. (2016) EFFECTS OF INTRAVENOUS DEXMEDETOMIDINE ON CARDIAC CHARACTERISTICS MEASURED USING RADIOGRAPHY AND ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN SIX HEALTHY DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 8–15

Answer 106

* Increased ONSD is a sensitive, non-invasive indicator of increased ICP in people * Agreement was good, within a range of less than 0.2mm * Foals: \<5 mm * Adults: _\<_ 6mm Cooley, S.D., Scrivani, P. V, THOMPSON, M.S., et al. (2016) CORRELATIONS AMONG ULTRASONOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS OF OPTIC NERVE SHEATH DIAMETER, AGE, AND BODY WEIGHT IN CLINICALLY NORMAL HORSES. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 49–57

Answer 107

Abdomen: * Lymphadenopathy * Effusion * Splenic nodules, splenomegaly, or diffuse echogenicity changes * Hepatic nodules, hepatomegaly * A few regions of thickening of the small and large bowel wall (alimentary LSA, not MC) Thorax: * Pleural effusion * Lymphadenopathy (cranial mediastinal and deep cervical) * Interstitial pulmonary changes or nodules (1 case) Janvier, V., Evrard, L., Cerri, S., et al. (2016) ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN 13 HORSES WITH LYMPHOMA. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 65–74

Answer 108

* Neuroforaminal area was smallest in an oblique sagittal plane acquired perpendicular to the nerve root when the dog was in a hyperextended position * **Middle zone was smallest in both positions and imaging planes** * ****Exit zone narrower than entry in hyperextension; larger in neutral Zindl, C., Tucker, R.L., Jovanovik, J., et al. (2017) Effects of Image Plane, Patient Positioning, and Foraminal Zone on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measurements of Canine Lumbosacral Intervertebral Foramina. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 58, 206–215

Answer 109

Lateral is to the right and plantar to the top. 1. SDFT 2. lateral digital flexor tendon 3. medial digital flexor tendon; 4. metatarsocalcaneal ligament 5. accessory ligament of the suspensory ligament (SL) 6. long plantar ligament inserting on the fourth metatarsal bone (MtIV) 7. vessel 8. interosseous ligament between the third and the MtIV bones Arrows: accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon

Answer 110

* Transrectal approach, can evaluate L6-S2 * Wide ranges of sizes of nerves but without significant differences from left to right. Thus side-to-side comparison within the same patient is recommended if pathology is suspected. * L6 \> S1 for most sex and age groups * S2 was significantly smaller than L6 and S1

Answer 111

* Methimazole treatment led to **decreased heterogeneity and attenuation** of the thyroid gland WITHOUT a change in size. * Hyperthyroid cats had larger thyroid glands (suggested width cut-off: 4mm) than normal cats * No difference in attenuation hyperT4 and normal cats * Positive association between thyroid gland size and dose of methimazole required to achieve euthyroidism Bush, J.L., Nemanic, S., Gordon, J., et al. (2016) COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THYROID GLANDS IN EIGHT HYPERTHYROID CATS PRE- AND POSTMETHIMAZOLE TREATMENT COMPARED WITH SEVEN EUTHYROID CATS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 176–185

Answer 112

* What findings were associated with neoplasia? * Cranial mediastinal mass * What findings were associated with infectious disease? * Alveolar pulmonary pattern/atelectasis with mediastinal shift/nodules (abscesses) * What signalment characteristics favored neoplasia over infectious disease? * None. * Pleural effusion seen with both Fouriez-Lablée, V., Vergneau-Grosset, C., Kass, P.H., et al. (2017) COMPARISON BETWEEN THORACIC RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS AND POSTMORTEM DIAGNOSIS OF THORACIC DISEASES IN DYSPNEIC COMPANION RATS ( RATTUS NORVEGICUS). Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 133–143

Answer 113

* Absence of opacification or heterogeneous opacification were 93% sensitive and 100% specific for metastasis of the SLN * HU \< 444 in the middle of the SLN was an accurate criterion * Increased size and shape had low sensitivity and specificity * Cut-off of 1 cm diameter ~81% sens / 64% spec Soultani, C., Patsikas, M.N., Karayannopoulou, M., et al. (2017) ASSESSMENT OF SENTINEL LYMPH NODE METASTASIS IN CANINE MAMMARY GLAND TUMORS USING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC INDIRECT LYMPHOGRAPHY. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 186–196

Answer 114

* Transverse images (slice thickness 2-3mm); MIPs made of 2-, 5-, and 10-slice slabs were available for review * 2- and 5-slab MIPs had highest reader confidence * Good interobserver agreement on all methods * Improved diagnostic accuracy with MIP images over transverse images when read by radiologist (otherwise similar) Secrest, S., Bugbee, A., Waller, K.R., et al. (2017) COMPARISON OF TRANSVERSE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY IMAGES AND MAXIMUM INTENSITY PROJECTION IMAGES FOR DIAGNOSING ECTOPIC URETERS IN DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 163–168

Answer 115

Attenuation of the subarachnoid fluid, either due to spinal cord swelling of changes to the fluid composition related to myelomalacia. The CSF:L2_SSTSE ratio is small (1.9), which makes it unlikely that this dog has myelomalacia. Proposed cut-off = 7.4 Gilmour, L.J., Jeffery, N.D., Miles, K., et al. (2017) SINGLE-SHOT TURBO SPIN ECHO PULSE SEQUENCE FINDINGS IN DOGS WITH AND WITHOUT PROGRESSIVE MYELOMALACIA. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 197–205

Answer 116

Neoplasm arising from remnants of the primitive notochord Dogs: dermis, meninges (adjacent to cerebellar fossa), spinal cord, and cervical vertebrae Cats: skeletal muscle, coccygeal vertebrae, and skull base

Answer 117

* Signal characteristics: T2w-hyper, STIR hyper(!!), T1w hypo- to iso, moderate to strong CE * Distribution: multifocal, vertebral involvement (medullary only, no lysis), multiple spinal compartments (bone, vertebral canal, paraspinal soft tissues) * Spinal cord compression Allett, B. & Hecht, S. (2016) MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS IN THE SPINE OF SIX DOGS DIAGNOSED WITH LYMPHOMA. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 154–161

Answer 118

* Four types: polioencephalomalacia, enterotoxemia, listeric encephalitis, abscess (dural or intra-axial) * Listeric encephalitis = focal brainstem lesions Ertelt, K., Oevermann, A., Precht, C., et al. (2016) MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS IN SMALL RUMINANTS WITH BRAIN DISEASE. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 162–169

Answer 119

Bilaterally symmetric T2w-hyperintensity of the cerebral and cerebellar gray matter with moderate CE of the gray matter lesions and the leptomeninges. Dx: polioencephalomalacia Ertelt, K., Oevermann, A., Precht, C., et al. (2016) MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS IN SMALL RUMINANTS WITH BRAIN DISEASE. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 162–169

Answer 120

* Bilaterally symmetrical lesions of the basal nuclei, thalamus, midbrain, and brainstem. * Variably T2w-hyperintense +/- hypointense peripherally * T1w hypointense in one; mixed hypo + hyperintense in another * Dx: enterotoxemia -- severe generalized vasogenic edema Ertelt, K., Oevermann, A., Precht, C., et al. (2016) MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS IN SMALL RUMINANTS WITH BRAIN DISEASE. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 162–169

Answer 121

Listeriosis

Answer 122

* Brachycephalics have a thicker, smaller (volume) bulla, and were more likely to have fluid in the bulla (36% vs 0%). * Brachycephalics with middle ear fluid had thicker soft palates than no fluid AND normal dogs Salgüero, R., Herrtage, M., Holmes, M., et al. (2016) COMPARISON BETWEEN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MIDDLE EAR IN NONBRACHYCEPHALIC AND BRACHYCEPHALIC DOGS WITH OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY SYNDROME. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 137–143

Answer 123

* Site: L7-S1, 0.8ml/disc * Well-visualized on CT (radiopaque material) * MRI: hypointense region within NP on T2w images * 3/9 dogs had immediate leakage into the vertebral canal * 1 additional dog had leakage noted at 1 year-post * No clinical adverse reactions * 1 dog had progressive degeneration of the LS disc, but it is unclear whether this was related to the injection doi: 10.1111/vru.12316

Answer 124

* Translaminar: 100% success, 75% accurate, easy * Transforaminal: 75% success, 75% accurate, moderately difficult * Facet joint injection: 62% success, 35-65% accurate depending on size of the joint, moderately difficult Liotta, A., Sandersen, C., Couvreur, T., et al. (2015) TECHNIQUE, DIFFICULTY, AND ACCURACY OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY-GUIDED TRANSLAMINAR AND TRANSFORAMINAL LUMBOSACRAL EPIDURAL AND INTRAARTICULAR LUMBAR FACET JOINT INJECTIONS IN DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 191–198

Answer 125

* Translaminar * Pros: may treat bilateral disease with 1 injection and may reach adjacent spinal segments * Cons: increased risk of dural puncture * Transforaminal * Pros: most target-specific (lateralized disc or nerve root compression) * Cons: increased risk of vascular puncture

Answer 126

1. Age the following lesions. A: Late subacute; B: Acute; C: Acute 2. What is creating the appearance of A and C? A: hypointense halo caused by clot retraction over time C: hematocrit effect -- hypodense fluid = serum and hyperdense material = concentrated RBCs 3. Where is B located? Epidural hemorrhage

Answer 127

* Subdural: crescent-shaped, can cross suture lines but is limited by falx and tentorium * Epidural: bi-convex (lens-shaped), can cross dural folds but NOT sutures

Answer 128

Acute (~48 hours) Parizel, P.M., Makkat, S., Van Miert, E., et al. (2001) Intracranial hemorrhage: Principles of CT and MRI interpretation. European Radiology 11, 1770–1783

Answer 129

* Diamagnetic: oxyHb * Paramagnetic: deoxyHb and metHb * Superparamagnetic: hemosiderin and ferritin Parizel, P.M., Makkat, S., Van Miert, E., et al. (2001) Intracranial hemorrhage: Principles of CT and MRI interpretation. European Radiology 11, 1770–1783

Answer 130

* Peracute (3 - 6 hrs): slight hypoattenuation and subtle mass effect which peaks at 3 - 5 days and resolves at 2 - 3 weeks.   * Contrast enhancement usually seen ~ 7-10 days post-infarction at periphery of lesion. * Chronic (3 - 4 weeks): hypodensity is sharply-marginated with *no contrast enhancement.*

Answer 131

* What is the normal size? 4mm H x 6mm W * What is a normal PB ratio and how is it calculated? * Pituitary gland height (mm) x 100 / brain area (mm²) * Normal \< 0.3 * What is the optimal window width and level? * WL: 80; WW: 250 * Normal cat pituitary: 3 mm H x 5mm W

Answer 132

Pituitary flush: neurohypophysis receives direct arterial blood supply from the internal carotid artery by way of interconnecting arteries, which leads to intense enhancement of the center of the pituitary gland that lasts 30-50s Displacement of the PF is suggestive of adenoma. Van Der Vlugt-Meijer, R.H., Meij, B.P., Van Den Ingh, T.S.G.A.M., et al. (2003) Dynamic Computed Tomography of the Pituitary Gland in Dogs with Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 17, 773–780

Answer 133

* Cholesteatoma = epidermoid cyst; CG = reactive FB granuloma * MRI: * Cholesteatoma = T1-hypo, no signal void * CG = T1-hyper; often will have signal void * No contrast enhancement

Answer 134

* Moderate to severe cavitary destruction of the turbinates with presence of a variable amount of abnormal soft tissue in the nasal passages * Mucosal thickening or non-enhancing soft tissue material in the frontal sinuses * Hyperostosis, less commonly lysis * Uncommon: lysis of the cribriform plate Saunders, J.H., Zonderland, J.L., Clercx, C., et al. (2002) Computed tomographic findings in 35 dogs with nasal aspergillosis. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 43, 5–9

Answer 135

* CT features: * Hypoattenuating to muscle; isoattenuating to soft tissue * Rim enhancement * Pedunculated with a stalk through the auditory tube to the affected bulla * Complete or partial obliteration of bulla lumen with ST attenuating material * Expansion and thickening of the bulla wall * MRLNpathy commonly ipsilateral, can be bilateral * Rim enhancement is positively correlated to inflammation of the superficial stroma and negatively correlated to edema in the superficial stroma Oliveira, C.R., O’Brien, R.T., MATHESON, J.S., et al. (2012) COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF FELINE NASOPHARYNGEAL POLYPS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 53, 406–411 Lamb, C.R., Sibbing, K. & Priestnall, S.L. (2016) PATHOLOGIC BASIS FOR RIM ENHANCEMENT OBSERVED IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGES OF FELINE NASOPHARYNGEAL POLYPS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 130–136

Answer 136

* What breeds had a different shape of the cricoid cartilage and what was that shape? * Pug and Frenchies had OVAL-shaped cricoid * In which breeds was the transverse sectional area of the cricoid smallest? * Pugs, Bostons, Frenchies * Was there a significant different in cricoid TSA between brachycephalic dogs with BAS and those without? * No * What was the significant finding related to cricoid TSA and weight? * Brachycephalics had a lower C-TSA to weight ratio than mesaticephalic dogs (i.e., degree of narrowing is related to and should be normalized to weight) Rutherford, L., Beever, L., Bruce, M., et al. (2017) Assessment of computed tomography derived cricoid cartilage and tracheal dimensions to evaluate degree of cricoid narrowing in brachycephalic dogs. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 634–646

Answer 137

* Rads: * Tracheal diameter:tracheal inlet ratio (TD:TI) \< 0.12 * Tracheal diameter:third rib diameter ratio (TT:3R) \< 2.0 * Where were tracheal diameters most narrow? * Thoracic inlet for all modalities * How did CT measurements of tracheal diameter compare to RX measurements (on average)? * Overall, 19% larger measurements * Was there a significant correlation between RX and CT measurements for either criteria? * TD:T1 was significantly correlated between RX and CT * How did these compare to tracheoscopy? * Poorly. Tracheoscopy identified hypoplasia in all dogs and CT/RX identified none. Kaye, B.M., Boroffka, S.A.E.B., Haagsman, A.N., et al. (2015) COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC, RADIOGRAPHIC, AND ENDOSCOPIC TRACHEAL DIMENSIONS IN ENGLISH BULLDOGS WITH GRADE 1 CLINICAL SIGNS OF BRACHYCEPHALIC AIRWAY SYNDROME. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 609–616

Answer 138

* Severe, bilaterally symmetrical bronchointerstitial disease +/- alveolar patterns * Pulmonary nodules/masses * Bullae * Right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary hypertension; * Pleural effusion Evola, M.G., Edmondson, E.F., Reichle, J.K., et al. (2014) RADIOGRAPHIC AND HISTOPATHOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PULMONARY FIBROSIS IN NINE CATS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 55, 133–140

Answer 139

* Sensitivity * C/C+: 48% * DS: 65% * Detection of additional intra-axial abnormalities was the cause of increased sensitivity on DS images compared to C/C+ * Unexpected finding: intra-axial contrast enhancement in several dogs classified as having idiopathic epilepsy. This may have been due to misclassification (despite normal CSF) or may indicate leaky BBB in areas affected by neovascularization secondary to seizures Dirrig, H. & Lamb, C.R. (2016) MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF INTRACRANIAL INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS IN DOGS: SENSITIVITY OF SUBTRACTION IMAGES VERSUS PRE- AND POST-GADOLINIUM T1-WEIGHTED IMAGE PAIRS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 410–416

Answer 140

* **Maximum pharyngeal contraction:** occurred later with medium solid boluses than medium liquid boluses * **Time to opening of UES:** occurred earlier with large solid than medium solid boluses * **Esophageal transit time:** small solid traveled faster than small liquid in the thoracic esophagus * **Odds of primary peristaltic wave generation:** higher odds of primary peristaltic wave with large solid than large liquid By Pollard, because literally who else cares?

Answer 141

CT more sensitive for detection but not a significant difference. Rads more sensitive and specific for recommending surgery, but not significant. Objective measurements didn't change recommendation for surgery Drost, W.T., Green, E.M., Zekas, L.J., et al. (2016) COMPARISON OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND ABDOMINAL RADIOGRAPHY FOR DETECTION OF CANINE MECHANICAL INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 366–375

Answer 142

* What is normal on echo? **0.98** * What was the mean MPA:Ao in this study? **1.1** * How was the MPA:Ao ratio affected by phase of respiration and contrast administration? * Inspiratory \> expiratory * Inspiration: decreased intra-thoracic pressure --\> increased RV filling and stroke volume --\> increased flow velocity in the MPA * No change with addition of contrast * How did CT MPA:Ao compare to echo? **All 10 dogs had CT measurements above the echo limit even with the 95% CI, but most (7/10) were WNL when echo'ed** Granger, L.A., PARIAUT, R., Vila, J., et al. (2016) COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT OF THE MAIN PULMONARY ARTERY TO AORTIC DIAMETER RATIO IN HEALTHY DOGS: A COMPARISON TO ECHOCARDIOGRAPHICALLY DERIVED RATIOS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 376–386

Answer 143

* Longer duration of clinical signs was associated with protrusion * Imaging features: * Protrusion: midline material only, partial degeneration of the disc * Extrusion: lateralized and/or more extensively distributed material, complete disc desiccation ## Footnote Gomes, S.A., Volk, H.A., Packer, R.M.A., et al. (2016) CLINICAL AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS OF THORACOLUMBAR INTERVERTEBRAL DISK EXTRUSIONS AND PROTRUSIONS IN LARGE BREED DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 417–426

Answer 144

* What is the typical orientation in racehorses vs. non-racehorses? * Racehorses: proximal-distal orientation * Non-racehorses: dorsomedial to plantarolateral orientation * What view was most helpful for identifying these fractures in non-racehorses? **PLDMO** Knuchell, J.A., Spriet, M., Galuppo, L.D., et al. (2016) FRACTURE OF THE CENTRAL TARSAL BONE IN NONRACEHORSES: FOUR CASES. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 403–409

Answer 145

Slab fracture in a dorsal plane of the central tarsal bone. This is most likely a racehorse. Murphey, E.D., Schneider, R.K., Adams, S.B., et al. (2000) Long-term outcome of horses with a slab fracture of the central or third tarsal bone treated conservatively: 25 cases (1976-1993). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 216, 1949–1954

Answer 146

A & B: cranial cruciate ligament tears C & D: caudal cruciate ligament tears Nelson, B.B., Kawcak, C.E., Goodrich, L.R., et al. (2016) COMPARISON BETWEEN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ARTHROGRAPHY, RADIOGRAPHY, ULTRASONOGRAPHY, AND ARTHROSCOPY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF FEMOROTIBIAL JOINT DISEASE IN WESTERN PERFORMANCE HORSES. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 387–402

Answer 147

DX: cranial medial meniscotibial ligament (CrMMTL) tear (A) Transverse plane image and (B) dorsal plane CTA image, medial is to the right in both images. The white arrows correspond to areas of contrast diffusion (hyperattenuation) within the CrMMTL suggestive of a longitudinal tear

Answer 148

* The use of CTA detected more defects in what structures than the other methods? * Cruciate ligaments, SCLs of the proximal tibia, sclerosis of the medial femoral condyle, and ligament entheses * CTA was least reliable for what type of defect? * Articular cartilage damage on the medial femoral condyle * CTA and arthroscopy were both better than US at identifying what type of defect in the menisci? * Craniolateral border of the medial meniscus Nelson, B.B., Kawcak, C.E., Goodrich, L.R., et al. (2016) COMPARISON BETWEEN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ARTHROGRAPHY, RADIOGRAPHY, ULTRASONOGRAPHY, AND ARTHROSCOPY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF FEMOROTIBIAL JOINT DISEASE IN WESTERN PERFORMANCE HORSES. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 387–402

Answer 149

* Poor sensitivity but excellent specificity * Most commonly affected: 307 and 407 in the root or cementoenamel junctions on the buccal side * About 1/3 of teeth with lesions had sclerosis of the alveolar bone * Use _\<_ 1mm slices Lang, L.G., Wilkinson, T.E., White, T.L., et al. (2016) COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF TOOTH RESORPTION IN CATS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 467–474

Answer 150

* Both meals can increase echogenicity at 60-min postprandial * High fat meals can increase duodenal echogenicity _immediately_ after ingestion. * Hyperechogenicity at 60-min postprandial for both meals may reflect physiologic lacteal dilation. * Increased echogenicity immediately after meal is too soon for lacteal dilation so they propose this may be artifactual or represent mixing of food and mucus at the mucosal surface GASCHEN, L., Granger, L.A., Oubre, O., et al. (2016) THE EFFECTS OF FOOD INTAKE AND ITS FAT COMPOSITION ON INTESTINAL ECHOGENICITY IN HEALTHY DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 546–550

Answer 151

* What is the recommended PP? 10-12 cm H₂O * What range of PP optimized normal aeration of the lungs? 10-15 cm H₂O * What range of PP significantly induced hyperinflation? 15 cm H₂O Guarracino, A., Lacitignola, L., Auriemma, E., et al. (2016) WHICH AIRWAY PRESSURE SHOULD BE APPLIED DURING BREATH-HOLD IN DOGS UNDERGOING THORACIC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY? Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 475–481

Answer 152

* Most osteophytes were found in the medial femorotibial joint * Subchondral sclerosis and flattening of the femoral condyle were poorly sensitive and specific * Lower BMD with OA De Lasalle, J., Alexander, K., Olive, J., et al. (2016) COMPARISONS AMONG RADIOGRAPHY, ULTRASONOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FOR EX VIVO CHARACTERIZATION OF STIFLE OSTEOARTHRITIS IN THE HORSE. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 489–501

Answer 153

* Dorsal or palmar aspect of the MCPJ * Best sequences: SPGR-FS and PD-FS Porter, E.G., Winter, M.D., Sheppard, B.J., et al. (2016) CORRELATION OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS MADE WITH MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, MAGNETIC RESONANCE ARTHROGRAPHY, AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ARTHROGRAPHY WITH GROSS ARTICULAR CARTILAGE THICKNESS IN THE EQUINE METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 515–525

Answer 154

Top left: Peyer's patches in the ileum Bottom left: dual mucosal echogencity; hyperechoic portion = villi and hypoechoic portion = lamina propria Right: Hyperechoic band separating the interface bettwen the inner circular layer and outer longitudinal muscular layers Overall no significant differences between US and histo Le Roux, A.B., Granger, L.A., Wakamatsu, N., et al. (2016) EX VIVO CORRELATION OF ULTRASONOGRAPHIC SMALL INTESTINAL WALL LAYERING WITH HISTOLOGY IN DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 534–545

Answer 155

* Most common: cranioventral unstructured interstitial and alveolar pulmonary patterns with multiple lobes affected * One patient had a caudodorsal unstructured interstitial pattern initially, but this settled into a cranioventral distribution after a few days * 1/6 dogs had pleural effusion * NO lymphadenopathy or mediastinal changes

Answer 156

* Homeotic: change in number in one section without a change in the overall vertebral count (e.g., transitional vertebra) * Homologous: change in a subunit of one vertebra without a change in the traditional number or identity of the vertebra (e.g., transposition of the caudal part of the transverse process of C6 onto C7) * Most common: homologous variation listed above -- 33% of the population * Atlanto-occipital fusion, rudimentary first ribs, and bilateral transverse processes at T1 (all homeotic) Veraa, S., Bergmann, W., van den Belt, A.-J., et al. (2016) EX VIVO COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF MORPHOLOGY VARIATIONS IN EQUINE CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 482–488

Answer 157

(A) Normal vertebral anatomy (B) Unilateral left-sided presence of a ventral protuberance at the transverse process of C7 (arrow) in concurrence with a vertebral foramen at the base of the transverse process (asterisk) (C) Bilateral presence of a ventral protuberance at the transverse process of C7 (arrows). Veraa, S., Bergmann, W., van den Belt, A.-J., et al. (2016) EX VIVO COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF MORPHOLOGY VARIATIONS IN EQUINE CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 482–488

Answer 158

* Bronchial wall:pulmonary artery diameter * _\>_ 0.6 indicates wall thickening with 77% sensitivity and 100% specificity * Measured in the cranial lung lobes ## Footnote Szabo, D., Sutherland-Smith, J., Barton, B.A., et al. (2014) ACCURACY OF A COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY BRONCHIAL WALL THICKNESS TO PULMONARY ARTERY DIAMETER RATIO FOR ASSESSING BRONCHIAL WALL THICKENING IN DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 264–271

Answer 159

EPG is differentiated by: * more severe clinical signs * presence of multiple masses of various sizes that tend to obliterate the normal pulmonary architecture * heterogeneous, honeycomb-like enhancement pattern characterized by multiple non-enhancing, hypoattenuating areas (NOTE: also seen in 1 dog with EBP) * poorer prognosis * However it is uncertain if eosinophilic pulmonary granulomatosis represents a progressive form of EBP or a different disease Fina, C., Vignoli, M., Terragni, R., et al. (2014) COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF EOSINOPHILIC PULMONARY GRANULOMATOSIS IN FIVE DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 55, 16–22 Mesquita, L., Lam, R., Lamb, C.R., et al. (2014) COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN 15 DOGS WITH EOSINOPHILIC BRONCHOPNEUMOPATHY. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 33–39

Answer 160

* Bronchial wall thickening (dogs¹): \> 0.6 * Bronchial lumen dilatation (dogs² & cats³) * Dogs: BA \> 2 * Cats: BA \> 0.9 * Pulmonary trunk enlargement in pulmonary hypertension⁴ * Moderate to severe PHT \> 1.4 * Proposed cutoff for HU in dogs with IPF⁵ * All dogs \> -702 HU were affected ## Footnote 1. Cannon, M.S., Wisner, E.R., Johnson, L.R., et al. (2009) Computed tomography bronchial lumen to pulmonary artery diameter ratio in dogs without clinical pulmonary disease. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 50, 622–624 2. Cannon, M.S., Johnson, L.R., Pesavento, P.A., et al. (2013) QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BRONCHIECTASIS IN 12 DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 54, 351–357 3. Reid, L.E., Ray Dillon, A., Hathcock, J.T., et al. (2011) HIGH-RESOLUTION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY BRONCHIAL LUMEN TO PULMONARY ARTERY DIAMETER RATIO IN ANESTHETIZED VENTILATED CATS WITH NORMAL LUNGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 53, 34–37 4. Sutherland-Smith, J., Hankin, E.J., Cunningham, S.M., et al. (2018) Comparison of a computed tomographic pulmonary trunk to aorta diameter ratio with echocardiographic indices of pulmonary hypertension in dogs. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 59, 18–26 5. Thierry, F., Handel, I., Hammond, G., et al. (2017) Further characterization of computed tomographic and clinical features for staging and prognosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in West Highland white terriers. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 58, 381–388

Answer 161

* **Arterial phase:** pancreas enhances greatly and is hyperattenuating to the liver  * **Venous phase:** pancreas is slightly hypoattenuating to the liver * **Delay phase:** pancreas is hypoattenuating to the liver Cáceres, A. V., Zwingenberger, A.L., Hardam, E., et al. (2006) Helical computed tomographic angiography of the normal canine pancreas. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 47, 270–278

Answer 162

* No CT features were significantly associated with malignant masses * What were the common imaging features of most of the hepatic masses in this study? * Heterogeneous compared to normal liver pre-C * Marked, generalized CE in early (portal) phase and delay phase * Describe the typical features of splenic nodular hyperplasia, hematoma, and hemangiosarcoma * Most splenic masses were heterogeneous pre-C * NH + HSA: marked, generalized CE in early phase and delay phase * Hematoma: most had slight CE in early phase, and all had CE in delay phase Jones, I.D., Lamb, C.R., Drees, R., et al. (2016) ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN DUAL-PHASE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FEATURES AND HISTOPATHOLOGIC DIAGNOSES IN 52 DOGS WITH HEPATIC OR SPLENIC MASSES. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 144–153

Answer 163

* **Lipoma:** round or ovoid, well-marginated, fat attenuating, non-CE * **Infiltrative lipoma:** homogeneous, fat-attenuating, non-CE but with irregular shape and linear hyperattenuating components * **Liposarcomas:** heterogeneous, primarily soft-tissue attenuating with some foci of fat, CE, nodular masses +/- mineralization or regional lymphadenopathy Tumor definition and shape were most useful for differentiating lipoma vs. infiltrative lipoma Soft tissue, heterogeneous mass with mineralization and regional lymphadenopathy was useful for liposarcoma Spoldi, E., Schwarz, T., Sabattini, S., et al. (2017) Comparisons Among Computed Tomographic Features of Adipose Masses in Dogs and Cats. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 58, 29–37

Answer 164

* IV (jugular v.) and IA (lateral palmar digital a.) injections -- IA resulted in improved CE * No clinical relevant adverse effects, but changes included: * Increased RR * Increased BP * Profoundly increased sedation (unclear if related or not) Seiler, G.S., Campbell, N., Nixon, B., et al. (2016) FEASIBILITY AND SAFETY OF CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASOUND IN THE DISTAL LIMB OF SIX HORSES. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 282–289

Answer 165

1. P2 2. Navicular bone 3. Dorsal recess of the DIPJ 4. Common digital extensor tendon 5. Coronal cushion 6. Collateral (ungular) cartilage

Answer 166

* Almost 100% successful * What were the most commonly injected portions of the ligaments? Proximal and mid-portions * Which periligamentous structures were also commonly injected? DIPJ, common digital extensor tendon, coronal cushion, and rarely the collateral cartilage Lewis, D., Scott, M., Fischer, C.D., et al. (2016) FEASIBILITY FOR ULTRASOUND-GUIDED INJECTION OF THE COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS OF THE DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT IN HORSES. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 299–305

Answer 167

* A median of **11** lesions were identified in each horse * What were the typical locations of melanoma? * Parotid SG, guttural pouch, surrounding the larynx and pharynx, and adjacent to the hyoid apparatus * What was the typical appearance? * Hyperattenuating to the masseter muscle; average HU 113 * About 25% were partially mineralized * About 20% contained hypoattenuating regions likely representing necrosis * What is the authors' theory about why melanomas have the characteristic appearance that they have? * Melanin has a high affinity for binding metal ions; the high atomic number of these theoretical ions would increase the attenuation of the melanomas Dixon, J., Smith, K.C., Perkins, J., et al. (2016) COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF MELANOMAS IN THE EQUINE HEAD: 13 CASES. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 246–252

Answer 168

* What was the prevalence and in which breed was it most common? Was there a sex predilection? * Prevalence: 25% and most often in WBs * No sex predilection * Was there a correlation between anatomical variation and intravertebral sagittal ratio? * No significant difference in the measured IVSR _but_ significantly more horses with anomalous C6 had IVSR \< 0.5 * What was the association between anatomical variation and the presence of arthritis and/or cervical pain? * No association with OA but positive association with cervical pain DeRouen, A., Spriet, M. & Aleman, M. (2016) PREVALENCE OF ANATOMICAL VARIATION OF THE SIXTH CERVICAL VERTEBRA AND ASSOCIATION WITH VERTEBRAL CANAL STENOSIS AND ARTICULAR PROCESS OSTEOARTHRITIS IN THE HORSE. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 253–258

Answer 169

* What was the prevalence of CT anatomical variation? * 40% of horses had variants * What alterations were seen in horses \<1 yr? * Alterations in shape and density * What alterations were seen in older horses? * Spherical hypodensities (cysts) -- *but they also say that this was not age-related so* ¯\_(ツ)\_/¯ * Dystrophic mineralization of the articular disc * Irregularity of the medial aspect of the condyle at the insertion of the lateral pterygoid muscle (enthesiophytes?) Carmalt, J.L., Kneissl, S., Rawlinson, J.E., et al. (2016) COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT IN 1018 ASYMPTOMATIC HORSES: A MULTI-INSTITUTION STUDY. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 237–245

Answer 170

* What is the prevalence of supracollicular fluid accumulation (SFA) in dogs? * 2% * What are the three patterns of SFA? * Third ventricle (most common) * Quadrigeminal cistern (least common) * TV + QC * What concomitant, breed-related malformation was seen in 20% of the dogs with SFA? * Occipital dysplasia * What is illustrated by the arrow in this image? * Thin septation between the 3rd ventricle and the quadrigeminal cistern, showing there is no communication between these compartments Bertolini, G., Ricciardi, M. & Caldin, M. (2016) MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC AND LOW-FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ANATOMY OF THE QUADRIGEMINAL CISTERN AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SUPRACOLLICULAR FLUID ACCUMULATIONS IN DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 57, 259–268

Answer 171

* Which modality had the highest sensitivity? Highest specificity? Accuracy? * MRI = highest sensitivity and accuracy * Then US \> RX * RX = highest specificity * What RX views were most useful? * Mediolateral view with supination and/or pronation in addition to neutral positioning * What MR sequences were most useful? * Sagittal T2w FS and/or PD FS FSE Wall, C.R., COOK, C.R. & COOK, J.L. (2014) DIAGNOSTIC SENSITIVITY OF RADIOGRAPHY, ULTRASONOGRAPHY, AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FOR DETECTING SHOULDER OSTEOCHONDROSIS/OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS IN DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 3–11

Answer 172

Tympanic bone spicules (likely hyperostotic type). Small spicules are likely a normal age-related change and it is likely that HTBS develop from these normal smaller spicules Parzefall, B., Rieger, A., Volk, H.A., et al. (2015) PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SMALL TYMPANIC BONE SPICULES AND DRUMSTICK-LIKE HYPEROSTOTIC TYMPANIC BONE SPICULES IN THE MIDDLE EAR CAVITY OF DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 25–32

Answer 173

* What was the overall effect of submerging the skull in water? * Decreased conspicuity of the turbinates in all subjects * Which kernel resulted in the best visibility of the nasal turbinates? * Air-filled nasal passages: high-frequency kernels * Fluid-filled nasal passages: medium-frequency kernels Uosyte, R., Shaw, D.J., Gunn-Moore, D.A., et al. (2015) EFFECTS OF FLUID AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL FACTORS ON CONSPICUITY OF CANINE AND FELINE NASAL TURBINATES. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 494–502

Answer 174

* What was the prevalence of caudal aberrant turbinates in a group of 40 clinically healthy Bulldogs? * 100% * What type of CATs were not identified in this group? * No nasopharyngeal CATs * Was the presence of CATs correlated with age, sex, or weight? * No Vilaplana Grosso, F., Haar, G. Ter & Boroffka, S.A.E.B.E.B. (2015) GENDER, WEIGHT, AND AGE EFFECTS ON PREVALENCE OF CAUDAL ABERRANT NASAL TURBINATES IN CLINICALLY HEALTHY ENGLISH BULLDOGS: A COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC STUDY AND CLASSIFICATION. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 486–493

Answer 175

Grade 1: turbinates in the ventral meatus rostral to the nasopharyngeal meatus starts Grade 2: turbinates in the nasopharyngeal meatus but not the choanae Grade 3 : turbinates in the choanae, but not past the caudal termination of the nasal septum Grade 4: turbinates in the nasopharynx (none seen in this study) Vilaplana Grosso, F., Haar, G. Ter & Boroffka, S.A.E.B.E.B. (2015) GENDER, WEIGHT, AND AGE EFFECTS ON PREVALENCE OF CAUDAL ABERRANT NASAL TURBINATES IN CLINICALLY HEALTHY ENGLISH BULLDOGS: A COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC STUDY AND CLASSIFICATION. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 486–493

Answer 176

* What was the typical appearance of muscular metastatic lesions? * Well-defined, oval to round, isodense pre- and contrast-enhancing post C+ (homogeneous/heterogeneous/ring) * Where were they most commonly located? * Epaxial/paraspinal muscles \> thoracic wall \> scapula/shoulder = hind limb \> abdominal wall * What was different about metastatic lesions in the myocardium? * Isodense pre-C, hypodense post-C Vignoli, M., Terragni, R., Rossi, F., et al. (2013) WHOLE BODY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SKELETAL AND CARDIAC MUSCULAR METASTATIC NEOPLASIA IN DOGS AND CATS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 54, 223–230

Answer 177

* What is the typical CT and MRI appearance? * **CT:** isodense to muscle often extends toward and sometimes invades through the base of the skull or bullae * **MRI:** T2w AND T1 hyper to muscle * Strongly, **_hetero_**geneously CE on both * Variable margination * Often entraps external carotid, sometimes invades jugular, maxillary, and linguofacial veins * Where do these occur and what type of receptor are they associated with? * Bifurcation of the common carotid * Chemoreceptors * What is the most common presenting complaint? * Cervical mass, dyspnea * Less common: Horner's, head tilt, facial nerve paralysis, dysphagia * What is the typical signalment? * Older, MC, Boston

Answer 178

3rd trochanter

Answer 179

* What abnormality of the third trochanter is evident in these images? **Fragmentation/fracture** * Was there a correlation between degree of IRU and lameness? **No** * What is the possible cause of persistently abnormal findings on recheck exam? **Third trochanter heals by fibrous union, so may be healing well but still appears fragmented** ## Footnote Shields, G.E., Whitcomb, M.B., Vaughan, B., et al. (2015) ABNORMAL IMAGING FINDINGS OF THE FEMORAL THIRD TROCHANTER IN 20 HORSES. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 466–473

Answer 180

* What angles were used and where did the authors find significant differences in their measurements? * Parallel to vertebral endplate or perpendicular to cord * Significant difference in all measured values at the cranial aspect of the vertebrae only * EXCEPT no difference in foraminal measurements * Which angle consistently resulted in larger vertebral canal measurements? * Parallel to endplates * What was a significant difference identified between affected and normal dogs? * Interverterbal foramina were narrower in affected dogs regardless of angle of acquisition Jurkoshek, A.M., da Costa, R.C. & Martin-Vaquero, P. (2015) THE EFFECT OF ANGLE SLICE ACQUISITION ON COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CERVICAL VERTEBRAL COLUMN MORPHOMETRY IN GREAT DANES. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 503–510

Answer 181

* What abnormalities were commonly observed in the post-operative scans? * Meningeal CE and thickening (can be nodular) * Linear CE at the margins of the resection cavity * Hemorrhage * Restricted diffusion on DWI/ADC * Uncommon: asymmetrical CE of the choroid plexus * What confirmed the presence of residual meningioma? Olgioastrocytoma? * Nodular, contrast enhancing tissue at resection site * Oligo was non-enhancing, but there was a similar focus of hemorrhage that made them believe there was persistent tumor tissue * When were these scans performed relative to surgery? * 2 days post-op Chow, K.E., Tyrrell, D. & Long, S.N. (2015) EARLY POSTOPERATIVE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS IN FIVE DOGS WITH CONFIRMED AND SUSPECTED BRAIN TUMORS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 531–539

Answer 182

* Type 1: short, tortuous portoportal veins around/inside the thrombus -- NEW VESSELS * Type 2: long portoportal collaterals bypassing site of obstruction -- RE-OPENED VESSELS * Pancreaticoduodenal vein --\> right or left portal branch * Gallbladder, cystic duct, and choledochal veins --\> portal branches * Intrahepatic or porta hepatis obstruction * Splenic vein --\> left portal branch * Extrahepatic PV obstruction Specchi, S., Pey, P., Ledda, G., et al. (2015) COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CAVERNOUS TRANSFORMATION OF THE OBSTRUCTED PORTAL VEIN IN SMALL ANIMALS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 511–519

Answer 183

* Which sequence(s) had the highest relative contrast and contrast to noise ratio? * STIR \> T2 \> T2 FLAIR FS * (T/F): there was a significant difference between sensitivity of the STIR and T2w images but not the STIR and T2 FLAIR + FS * False; no differences between any sequences * Inter-observer agreement was highest for which sequence(s)? * Best for STIR and T2w Young, B.D., Mankin, J.M., Griffin, J.F., et al. (2015) COMPARISON OF TWO FAT-SUPPRESSED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING PULSE SEQUENCES TO STANDARD T2-WEIGHTED IMAGES FOR BRAIN PARENCHYMAL CONTRAST AND LESION DETECTION IN DOGS WITH INFLAMMATORY INTRACRANIAL DISEASE. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 204–211

Answer 184

C7 in all ferrets * Th14/L6/S3 (52%) * Th14/L6/S4 (22%) Most common anomalies = transitional vertebrae (TL \> LS) * Less common: wedge or block vertebrae. * No spina bifida Proks, P., Stehlik, L., Paninarova, M., et al. (2015) CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN IN FERRETS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 117–123

Answer 185

* What are the features described in the 2015 case series of 5 dogs with this condition? * Moderate to severe dilation of the entire ventricular system with periventricular edema * Ventral displacement of the brainstem and dorsal elevation of the cerebellum with relatively reduced size of both structures * Crescent-shaped cerebellum * Signal void sign of the mesencephalic aqueduct in all dogs * Moderate to severe syringohydromyelia with surrounding edema * No CE anywhere * What is the prognosis? * Bad with or without surgery * What is the typical signalment and clinical history? * Pediatric dogs, Border Collies were 3/5 patients in this report * Cervical hyperesthesia, obtundation, central vestibular, tetraparesis Bazelle, J., Caine, A., Palus, V., et al. (2015) MRI CHARACTERISTICS OF FOURTH VENTRICLE ARACHNOID DIVERTICULA IN FIVE DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 196–203

Answer 186

* What differences were noted between the two anesthetic protocols? * No difference in flow and Q_s/Q_p * Protocol A: fentanyl/midaz * Protocol B: dexmedetomidine * Mild regurgitation was noted through which valves? * Mitral and Tricuspid Drees, R., Johnson, R.A., Stepien, R.L., et al. (2015) EFFECTS OF TWO DIFFERENT ANESTHETIC PROTOCOLS ON CARDIAC FLOW MEASURED BY TWO DIMENSIONAL PHASE CONTRAST MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 168–175

Answer 187

The projections deemed to be most useful were: D60Pr-PlDiO (digit III), D45Pr45M-PlDiLO (digit II), and D40Pr35L-PlDiLO (digit IV). * 3-60 * 2-45 * 4-40 Dudley, R.J., Wood, S.P., Hutchinson, J.R., et al. (2015) RADIOGRAPHIC PROTOCOL AND NORMAL ANATOMY OF THE HIND FEET IN THE WHITE RHINOCEROS ( CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM). Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 124–132

Answer 188

* What is diffusion tensor imaging? * Mathematical model of 3D diffusion, which maps the degree of anisotropy and direction of a structure * What is anisotropy? * Property of normal brain tissue that depends on the directionality of water molecules and the integrity of white matter fibers * What is fractional anisotropy? * Parameter used to assess alterations in water diffusion, which can occur if cerebral white matter tracts are displaced, disrupted, or infiltrated * What does FA = 0 mean? FA = 1? * FA = 0 -- maximum isotropy/diffusion ability (SAS, ventricles) * FA = 1 -- maximum anisotropy/restriction (parenchyma) ## Footnote Anaya García, M.S., Hernández Anaya, J.S., Marrufo Meléndez, O., et al. (2015) In vivo study of cerebral white matter in the dog using diffusion tensor tractography. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 56, 188–195

Answer 189

Corticospinal tract and corpus callosum, likely due to anatomical variant ventriculomegaly.

Answer 190

* What is the recommended protocol (pressure, timing, body position)? * Insufflation pressure of 15-20 mmHg, imaging 2 min after initiation and 2min after contrast administration. * Body position was not a significant variable * Which measurements significantly increased with longer insufflation times? * Ascending colon diameter and area * What is the upper limit of pressure in the colon (in people)? * 80 mmHg Steffey, M.A., Daniel, L., Taylor, S.L., et al. (2014) COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC PNEUMOCOLONOGRAPHY IN NORMAL DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 278–285

Answer 191

* What happened to the stem cells injected intravenously? * Pulmonary trapping * There was suboptimal label persistence in this study; what were the implications of this factor for interpretation? * Cannot interpret what happens to the stem cells over time (_\>_ 24 hours) * What was the pattern of distribution for portal vs. splenic injection? * Portal injection --\> diffuse, homogeneous uptake throughout the liver * Splenic injection --\> diffuse, homogeneous uptake throughout the liver with mild splenic retention Spriet, M., Hunt, G.B., Walker, N.J., et al. (2015) Scintigraphic tracking of mesenchymal stem cells after portal, systemic intravenous and splenic administration in healthy beagle dogs. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 56, 327–334

Answer 192

* What is the max thickness of the caudal pole of the adrenal gland for dogs \<10 kg; 10-30 kg; and \>30kg? * \<10 kg -- \< 0.54 cm * 10-30kg -- \< 0.68 cm * \>30 kg -- \< 0.8 cm * What unexpected finding was noted about comparisons of the left and right adrenal glands? * There was a small but statistically significant difference between the measured thickness of the cranial pole of the right vs. left adrenal glands.

Answer 193

* A valentine-shaped heart is primarily due to LAE. * What is the impact of enlargement of other chambers on this valentine shape? * Right atrial enlargment increased the likelihood of observing a severe valentine shape, but did not directly affect the severity of valentine shape * There is no statistically significant correlation between the presence of LAE and RAE on echo * Was there a correlation between diagnosis and heart shape? * No Oura, T.J., Young, A.N., Keene, B.W., et al. (2015) A VALENTINE-SHAPED CARDIAC SILHOUETTE IN FELINE THORACIC RADIOGRAPHS IS PRIMARILY DUE TO LEFT ATRIAL ENLARGEMENT. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 245–250

Answer 194

* What is the property of this contrast medium that allows for differentiation of metastatic nodules from normal parenchyma? * In the hepatobiliary phase, a lesion containing no (or few) functional hepatocytes will appear hypointense * In 6/10 cases, more nodules were identifiable in this phase * What is the time delay for a hepatobiliary/hepatocellular phase? * 23-25 min * Which sequence was best for identifying metastatic nodules? * 3D-FLASH Louvet, A. & Duconseille, A.-C. (2015) FEASIBILITY FOR DETECTING LIVER METASTASES IN DOGS USING GADOBENATE DIMEGLUMINE; ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 286–295

Answer 195

* What is the prevalence of malignant transformation of esophageal nodules and what type of malignancy is found? * Up to 25% of cases will transform * OSA \> FSA \> undiff or chondrosarcoma * What CT features were significantly different between non-neoplastic and neoplastic esophageal nodules? * **Non:** smooth, non-mineralized, higher proportion of necro-purulent filled cavities occupying a larger region of the nodule, better perfusion * **Neoplastic:** irregular, mineralized foci (93% of cases), worse perfusion Kirberger, R.M., Cassel, N., Stander, N., et al. (2014) TRIPLE PHASE DYNAMIC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC PERFUSION CHARACTERISTICS OF SPIROCERCOSIS INDUCED ESOPHAGEAL NODULES IN NON-NEOPLASTIC VERSUS NEOPLASTIC CANINE CASES. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 257–263

Answer 196

* Is carpal sheath effusion more likely to occur with **soft tissue** or osseous structures? * Which specific structures were most often associated with carpal sheath effusion and what abnormalities were noted? * SDFT and accessory ligament of the SDFT * Hyperechoic foci in the SDFT (suspect fibrosis, but no histo) * Thickening of tendon sheath and/or retinaculum * Both of these findings were significantly associated with increasing age Jorgensen, J.S., Genovese, R.L., Dopfer, D., et al. (2015) MUSCULOSKELETAL LESIONS AND LAMENESS IN 121 HORSES WITH CARPAL SHEATH EFFUSION. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 307–316

Answer 197

* What is the purpose? * Assessment of biliary patency * Parameters: * Time to initial detection: 8 sec * TTP: 25 sec * Duration within the duodenum: 50 sec Ji, S., Jung, S., Kim, B., et al. (2015) FEASIBILITY OF PERCUTANEOUS CONTRAST ULTRASOUND GUIDED CHOLECYSTOGRAPHY IN DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 296–300

Answer 198

* Mass (96%) vs. disseminated lesions (4%) * Predilection sites? * Caudal lung lobes (80%): right \> left * Other CT features? * Contact with visceral pleua * Irregular margins but well-defined borders * Bronchial compression * Gas containing cavitation * Mineralization (all bronchial origin tumors, about half of ACA and ASQCA) * Uncommonly: pleural effusion \> bronchial invasion \> PTE * Frequency of metastasis? About 50% * Was there any association of tumor type with specific CT findings? No Aarsvold, S., Reetz, J.A., Reichle, J.K., et al. (2015) Computed tomographic findings in 57 cats with primary pulmonary neoplasia. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 56, 272–277

Answer 199

Ultrasound consistently underestimated thyroid volume when using the ellipsoid formula. Body weight was significantly associated with thyroid volume. Metzner, M., Uebelhack, S., Sauter-Louis, C., et al. (2015) Developing an accurate method for estimating thyroid volume in calves using ultrasonography. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 56, 301–306

Answer 200

* Which CT characteristics were significantly associated with neoplasia? * MRLN: abnormal hilus, height asymmetry, more homogeneous pre-contrast * Paranasal bone lysis, turbinate lysis, nasal mass * What was noted about the lymph nodes in cats with lymphoma? * Significantly greater degree of CE Nemanic, S., Hollars, K., Nelson, N.C., et al. (2015) COMBINATION OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDIAL RETROPHARYNGEAL LYMPH NODES AND NASAL PASSAGES AIDS DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN RHINITIS AND NEOPLASIA IN CATS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 617–627

Answer 201

* What findings were significantly different between groups? * Asthmatic cats had higher lung attenuation and SUBJECTIVELY increased heterogeneity * What findings were NOT significantly different between groups? * Objective heterogeneity measurements were not sig. different between groups * What are the typical CT features of feline asthma? * GGO + consolidation * Bronchial wall thickening * Parenchymal bands Masseau, I., Banuelos, A., Dodam, J., et al. (2015) COMPARISON OF LUNG ATTENUATION AND HETEROGENEITY BETWEEN CATS WITH EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED ALLERGIC ASTHMA, NATURALLY OCCURRING ASTHMA AND NORMAL CATS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 595–601

Answer 202

* What are the histological layers of the hoof wall from superficial to deep? * Stratum externum, stratum medium, stratum internum, dermis parietis * Which layer(s) make up the bulk of the dorsal hoof wall and how much of the total hoof wall thickness does this represent? * Stratum externum + medium = 65% of total dorsal hoof wall Goulet, C., Olive, J., Rossier, Y., et al. (2015) Radiographic and anatomic characteristics of dorsal hoof wall layers in nonlaminitic horses. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 56, 589–594

Answer 203

* What was the prevalence of this finding? 32% * What histological finding might explain this hyperechoic band? * Focal, mild, increased fibrous tissue in the myenteric plexus or tunica muscularis * False: none of the dogs with this hyperechoic band had diarrhea Heng, H.G., Lim, C.K., Miller, M.A., et al. (2015) PREVALENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF AN ULTRASONOGRAPHIC COLONIC MUSCULARIS HYPERECHOIC BAND PARALLELING THE SEROSAL LAYER IN DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 666–669

Answer 204

* What level of stiffness was associated with acute, subacute, and chronic lesions? * Acute lesions = softer * Subacute/chronic = stiffer * What is the explanation for the differences in stiffness? * In humans, areas of fiber disruption and hematoma formation are softer * As tensons heal over time, the progressive collagen deposition increases stiffness * Was there a correlation with lesion echogenicity? * Hypoechoic lesions tend to be softer (likely more acute) Lustgarten, M., Redding, W.R., Labens, R., et al. (2015) ELASTOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF NATURALLY OCCURING TENDON AND LIGAMENT INJURIES OF THE EQUINE DISTAL LIMB. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 670–679

Answer 205

* (FALSE): There was good agreement between variables of cardiac size and systolic function generated from MDCTA, MRA, and echocardiography. * *NOT echocardiography. Otherwise correct.* * (FALSE): Systolic function variables calculated with MDCTA and MRA were able to predict the **LEFT** ventricular end diastolic volume as measured on echocardiography. Drees, R., Johnson, R.A., Stepien, R.L., et al. (2015) QUANTITATIVE PLANAR AND VOLUMETRIC CARDIAC MEASUREMENTS USING 64 MDCT AND 3T MRI VS. STANDARD 2D AND M-MODE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY: DOES ANESTHETIC PROTOCOL MATTER? Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 638–657

Answer 206

* What are the most common types of oropharyngeal neoplasia? * Malignant melanoma, SCC, FSA * What are the common and uncommon CT features of pharyngeal neoplasia? * Space-occupying masses with irregular shape and ill-defined margins * Moderate to marked CE * Oropharynx \> laryngopharynx \> nasopharynx * Uncommon: osteolysis of adjacent structures, infiltration of vessels, mineralization * What significant findings were reported about lymphadenopathy? (Which LN were affected and at what rate?) * MRLN most commonly abnormal (96%) in size, shape, or abnormal enhancement. * 50% metastatic MRLN Carozzi, G., Zotti, A., Alberti, M., et al. (2015) Computed tomographic features of pharyngeal neoplasia in 25 dogs. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 56, 628–637

Answer 207

* Good repeatability, fair accuracy (mean discordance 1.7 mm) * Accuracy was improved when considering distance solely in the cranio-caudal dimension * Tended to overestimate craniocaudal dimension (identified landmark further caudally than was represented by the hook) * Easier in juveniles Blume, L.M., Worth, A.J., Cohen, E.B., et al. (2015) ACCURACY OF RADIOGRAPHIC DETECTION OF THE CRANIAL MARGIN OF THE DORSAL LAMINA OF THE CANINE SACRUM. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 579–588

Answer 208

* What was the accuracy of MRI volume estimates? **100%** * What was the range of extracranial CSF volumes? **20-45ml** * What was the relationship of CSF volume and body weight? What about the proportional volume (ml/kg)? * CSF generally increased linearly with increasing BW, but the proportional volume (ml/kg) was inversely related to BW * Ex: a dog with double the body weight has 1.5x more CSF * What is the average proportion of CSF found in the cervical, thoracic, and LS regions? * Cervical: 40% * Thoracic: 35% * LS: 25% Reinitz, L.Z., Bajzik, G., Garamvölgyi, R., et al. (2015) COMPARISON BETWEEN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ESTIMATES OF EXTRACRANIAL CEREBROSPINAL FLUID VOLUME AND PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS IN HEALTHY DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 56, 658–665

Answer 209

* What are the common CT features? * Aggressive, expansile lesions causing bone deformation; alveolar and cortical bone lysis; and both cortical bone thinning and thickening * Often displaced adjacent teeth * What types of odontogenic tumors were identified? What features helped to distinguish them? * Acanthomatous ameloblastoma, ameloblastic carcinoma, ameloblastic fibroma, complex odontoma * Complex odontoma were the only ones that contained enamel * Fibromas were mainly composed of soft tissue attenuating material whereas ameloblastic carcinomas contained a mix of mineralized and STA material Morgan, R.E., Fiske-Jackson, A.R., Hellige, M., et al. (2019) Equine odontogenic tumors: Clinical presentation, CT findings, and outcome in 11 horses. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 60, 502–512

Answer 210

* Dose: 15 ml/kg, 30% w/v * Contrast entered the large intestine by 24 hours * Literally like 2 people. Houck, E.L., Cohen, E.B., Womble, M., et al. (2019) Radiographic anatomy and barium sulfate contrast study of the gastrointestinal tract of eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 60, 473–484

Answer 211

* Similar, high sensitivity and specificity for detection of any fractured vertebrae (90% / 80%) but moderate interobserver agreement * Improved specificity and interobserver agreement for unstable fractures * Complete agreement was only achieved in 15-30% of fractures with up to 79% being missed Gallastegui, A., Davies, E., Zwingenberger, A.L., et al. (2019) MRI has limited agreement with CT in the evaluation of vertebral fractures of the canine trauma patient. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 60, 533–542

Answer 212

US characterization of cervical LN in dogs: * What reference ranges did the authors propose for the mandibular, medial retropharyngeal, and superficial cervical LN? * MLN: 0.5 cm H x 1.5 cm W * MRLN: 1 cm H x 2 cm W * SCLN: 1 cm H x 1.5 cm W * Which of the following criteria were significantly associated with lymph node size? * Body weight (increased) * Age (decreased) * The MRLN were isoechoic to the salivary glands and the superficial cervical LN were hyperechoic to the surrounding muscle bellies. Ruppel, M.J., Pollard, R.E. & Willcox, J.L. (2019) Ultrasonographic characterization of cervical lymph nodes in healthy dogs. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 60, 560–566

Answer 213

1. sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis 2. sacrocaudalis dorsalis lateralis 3. longissiumus lumborum 4. gluteus medius 5. iliopsoas Jones, J.C., Kimmett, K.L., Sharp, J.L., et al. (2019) CT measures of lumbosacral paraspinal muscle size are not correlated with CT measures of lumbosacral stability in military working Labrador Retrievers. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 60, 513–524

Answer 214

1. **Common morphological changes to the infraorbital canal include: increased or decreased mineralization, deformed shape, displacement, and disruption. (CORRECT)** 2. The presence of adjacent disease increased **ALL** of the described morphological changes to the infraorbital canal. 3. **Increased mineralization and disruption** of the infraorbital canal were significantly associated with headshaking. 4. There was no association between age or sex of the horse and headshaking. Edwards, R.A., Hermans, H. & Veraa, S. (2019) Morphological variations of the infraorbital canal during CT has limited association with headshaking in horses. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 60, 485–492

Answer 215

* What is this lesion? **Syringobulbia** * What is the other characteristic appearance of this lesion? **Slit-like or bulbous** * Where is it typically found? **Medulla oblongata** * What other CNS abnormality is it commonly associated with? **Syringomyelia +/- ventriculomegaly** Williamson, B., Davies, E., Epperly, E., et al. (2019) Signs consistent with syringobulbia may be detected in dogs undergoing MRI. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 60, vru.12733

Answer 216

* Enlargement and heterogeneous CE in the pancreas * PVT * Mesenteric fat stranding * Peritoneal effusion * Lymphadenopathy * Gastroenteritis (wall thickening) * Biliary dilation and/or mineralization French, J.M., Twedt, D.C., Rao, S., et al. (2019) CT angiographic changes in dogs with acute pancreatitis: A prospective longitudinal study. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 61, 33–39

Answer 217

* What significant differences were identified between these two types of neoplasia on CT? * LSA more homogeneous and more likely to envelope the CrVC * Was there a differences in signalment or clinical signs? * Thymic neoplasia more likely to occur in older dogs * What sonographic differences have been identified between thymoma and mediastinal LSA? * Internal cystic structures and heterogeneous echogenicity were associated with thymoma

Answer 218

* There is reversed gray/white matter SI in the neonate. As there is progressive myelination of the white matter, the signal intensities transition to their normal adult appearance. * Time of transition * T1w: 3-4 weeks * T2w: 4-8 weeks * FLAIR: 3 weeks (iso to hyper) then 6-12 weeks (hyper to hypo) GROSS, B., GARCIA-TAPIA, D., RIEDESEL, E., et al. (2010) NORMAL CANINE BRAIN MATURATION AT MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 51, 361–373

Answer 219

* Epidermoid -- filled with keratin debris * T1 hypo, will not void on FLAIR * Dermoid cyst -- relatively higher lipid content * T1 hyper * Arachnoid diverticulae -- CSF-filled * Voids on FLAIR STEINBERG, T., Matiasek, K., BRÜHSCHWEIN, A., et al. (2007) IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-INTRACRANIAL EPIDERMOID CYST IN A DOBERMAN PINSCHER. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 48, 250–253

Answer 220

* What are the three clinical neurological syndromes that were identified? * Multifocal CNS \> central vestibular \> T3-L3 myelopathy * Describe the pathophysiology of these neurological syndromes. * Pyogranulomatous vasculitis, primarily affecting leptomeninges, ependyma and choroid plexus * What was the prognosis? * Terrible. All cats euthanized within 2 weeks.

Answer 221

* Ventriculomegaly (severity correlated to severity of clinical signs) * Compression of brainstem by dilated 4th ventricle * Periventricular FLAIR hyperintensity * Meningeal and ependymal CE * Transtentorial or foramen magnum herniation * Incomplete CSF suppression on FLAIR (less common) * Syringomyelia Crawford, A.H., Stoll, A.L., Sanchez-Masian, D., et al. (2017) Clinicopathologic Features and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in 24 Cats With Histopathologically Confirmed Neurologic Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 31, 1477–1486

Answer 222

* Hippocampus, piriform lobes, frontal lobes, basal nuclei * Bilaterally symmetrical or asymmetrical, less commonly unilateral T2w hyper, T1w hypo, non-CE lesions with no mass effect * Partial resolution in 3 dogs after 10-16 weeks Mellema, L., Koblik, P.D. & LeCouteur, R.A. (1999) REVERSIBLE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ABNORMALITIES IN DOGS FOLLOWING SEIZURES. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 40, 588–595 And also Mai's textbook

Answer 223

* Well-defined, extra-axial masses with a plaque-like, sessile distribution involving the meninges * T2w AND T1w hyper * Marked, homogeneous CE * Moderate edema and mass effect * **Main ddx:** meningioma, histiocytic sarcoma ## Footnote Anwer, C.C., Vernau, K.M., Higgins, R.J., et al. (2013) MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF INTRACRANIAL GRANULAR CELL TUMORS IN SIX DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 54, 271–277

Answer 224

* Enlarged, homogeneous, non-contrast enhancing spleen * Folded C-shape, best evaluated in the dorsal plane * Whirl sign of torsed splenic vessels and the gastro/phreno-splenic ligaments * Hyperattenuating center within the whirl sign PRE-contrast (unknown etiology) * Effusion * Normal gastric position and no lymphadenopathy Hughes, J.R., Johnson, V.S. & Genain, M.A. (2020) CT characteristics of primary splenic torsion in eight dogs. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 61, 261–268

Answer 225

* What is the most likely diagnosis in this horse? **Nigropallidal encephalomalacia** * What part(s) of the brain are affected? **Substantia nigra and globus pallidus** * What is the most likely cause of this disease? **Chronic ingestion of yellow star thistle or Russian knapweed** Sanders, S.G., Tucker, R.L. & Bagley, R.S. (2001) MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF EQUINE NIGROPALLIDAL ENCEPHALOMALACIA. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 42, 291–296

Answer 226

* FDG is a glucose analog that gets taken up by metabolically active cells. * In the cell, FDG is phosphorylated into a form that cannot be further metabolized and gets trapped in the cell. * Retention within a cell results in higher positron emission as the FDG undergoes positron decay, which is quantified as the value SUV_max French, J.M., Brody, A., von Stade, D., et al. (2020) Flourine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging exhibits increased SUVmax at the level of the spinal intumescence in normal dogs. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 61, 364–369

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