Papers Flashcards
Adar and Huberman (2000) - freeriding
Found that on student site Gnutella:
1. More than 70% of users were only downloading files and never u[loading new files
2. The top 1% of peers provided 47% of the answers
Marwell and Ames (1981) - freeriding
In a one shot game where participants allocate tokens between cash ($1 to self) and the public good ($0.5 to all players), average investment in public goods was about 50%
Isaac et al. (1985) - freeriding
In a one shot game where participants allocate tokens between cash ($1 to self) and the public good ($0.5 to all players), subjects contribute 50% in lab setting BUT public good contributions fall as the game is repeated (people are willing to cooperate at first but get upset and retaliate if others take advantage of them)
Andreoni and Payne (2003) - crowding out
- Government spending crowds out private donations through two channels: willingness to donate (decreased income from increased taxes) and fundraising (divert less resources to)
- $1,000 increase in government grant leads to a $265 reduction in private fundraising expenditure for the arts organisation and a $54 reduction for social service organisations
- Crowd-out could be non-trivial if fundraising is a powerful source of generating private contributions
Andreoni and Payne (2011) - crowding out
- $1 increase in government grant to a charity leads to $0.56 less private contributions
- 70% of this reduction is due to the fundraising channel (most of crowding out occurs through fundraising channel)
Falk (2005) - charitable giving
- Investigated the relevance of reciprocity in charitable giving by including no, small or large gifts in solicitation letters
- Number of people who donated was higher under the small (14%) and large gift (21%) conditions that the no gift condition (12%)
- Including a gift significantly increased the frequency of donations (larger gift = higher increase in frequency)
Dellavigna et al. (2012) - charitable giving
- Door-to-door fund-raiser randomized experiment where groups given no advance warning, a flyer that informs of time of solicitation, and a flyer that also has a ‘do not disturb’ checkbox
- If altruistic, frequency of opening door and, thus, frequency of donating should go up
- If social pressure, both should decrease as people don;t open the door so don’t let social pressure effect them
- Finding 1: flyers lower frequency of opening doors (social pressure outweighs altruism)
- Finding 2: flyer with opt-out box decreased giving significantly
Hoxby (2000) - Tiebout hypothesis
- Compares cities where there are few large school districts (e.g. Miami) with those where there are many small school districts (e.g. Boston)
- Hypothesis less homogeneity within communities and heterogeneity across communities in Miami
- Finding: cities with few districts have less sorting across neighbourhoods (well established)
- Finding: cities with many districts have higher test scores on average (contested)
Rothstein (2007) - Tiebout hypothesis
Critiqued finding of Hoxby (2000) that cities with many districts have higher test scores:
1. Claimed overstated results (Hoxby refused to show data set)
2. Reverse causality problem (questioned instrumental validity of number of streams as instrument for number of schools)
Rhode and Strumpf (2003) - Tiebout hypothesis
- First paper to provide evidence against Tiebout theorem
- Hypothesis: as mobility costs decline, Tiebout sorting becomes more efficient so tax and spending policies and preferences for public goods should vary more across jurisdictions
- Findings: heterogeneity measures (CV and DG) and dissimilarity index have decreased between communities (rather than expected increase) - i.e. communities becoming more similar in tax and spending policies and in racial and residential competition
Hines and Thaler (1995) - crowding out
- The crowd-out of state spending by federal spending if low and often close to zero (“flypaper effect”)
- Control group not well justified - states that get grants are probably the ones that like spending it the most
- Recent studies show flypaper effect in the short-run but substantial crowd-out from block grants in the long-run
Hoxby (1999) - fiscal federalism
- 1976: Supreme court rules that disparities in school spending above a threshold were unconstitutional
- Wealthy districts forced to give all their tax revenue above the threshold to the common pool to fund poor districts
- Local government had no incentive to raise taxes causing taxes and school funding fell in rich districts and property taxes were no longer able to fund schools adequately (deterioration of California public schools)
- 15% reduction in spending/person in California vs. increase in spending in states with low tax prices (e.g. NJ and Pennsylvania)
- Conclusion: extreme penalisation leads to quality decrease in public good
Schonholzer (WP) - Tiebout hypothesis
- Question: do people pay premium to live in certain neighbourhoods due to the quality of public goods or due to peers who co-reside?
- Boundaries between Santiago City and Cupertino School overlap - exploit as access same city services but different schools
- House price premium of $20,600 - $2,300 (13%) of this associated change is due to local government services
Weitzman (1974) - pollution policy
- When there is uncertainty about MB and/or MC, price and quantity policies may no longer be equivalent
- In context of pollution abatement, when the MD curve is relatively flatter than the MC curve, always better to use price regulation
- Vice versa for relatively steeper MD curve
Greenstone (2003) - pollution policy
- Investigate impact of Clean Air Act (1970) on TSPs pollution
- Difference-in-difference between attainment and nonattainment counties (nonattainment needed to take action as over polluting)
- Result: sudden massive reduction in TSPs pollution in nonattainment counties then tapers out
- Result: infant mortality rate decreased relative to attainment counties but then reverted to previous difference