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Biology Revision > Paper Two > Flashcards

Paper Two Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the test for protein and what is the colour change?

A

Biuret solution, if protein is present it turns from blueto pink/purple

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2
Q

What is the test for starch and what is the colour change?

A

Iodine, turns from browny orange to blue/black if starch is present

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3
Q

What is the test for glucose and what is the colour change?

A

Benedict’s test, blue to green/yellow im low concentrations of glucose, brick red in high concentration

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4
Q

What is the test for lipids?

A

Sudan III test if a lipid is present a bright red layer will form on the top of the sample

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5
Q

How are leaves adapted for gas exchange?

A

Broad, large surface area, thin (short distance for gases to travel), air space in the leaf, bottom of the leaf is full of stomata

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6
Q

What colour does hydrogen carbonate indicator turn if there’s a high concentration of CO2?

A

Yellow

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7
Q

What colour is hydrogen carbonate indicator with normal concentrations of CO2?

A

Orange

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8
Q

What colour does hydrogen carbonate indicator turn if the CO2 concentration decreases?

A

Purple

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9
Q

What experiment can you do to show differences in net gas exchange in plants?

A
  • add the same volume of hydrogen carbonate indicator to four boiling tubes, add a leaf to three of them and seal with a bung. Keep the fourth tube empty as a control
  • wrap one tube in foil and one in gauze and place the tubes in bright light
  • leave the tubes for an hour and check the colour of the indicator
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10
Q

What does mitosis result in?

A

The formation of two genetically identical daughter cells

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11
Q

When is mitosis used?

A

Asexual reproduction, growth and for replacing damaged cslls

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12
Q

What does meiosis result in?

A

The formation of four genetically non identical daughter cells

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13
Q

When is meiosis used?

A

Sexual reproduction

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14
Q

What does the renal artery do?

A

Comes from the aorta and delivers oxygenated blood to the kidney

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15
Q

What does the renal vein do?

A

Delivers deoxygenated blood from the kidney to the vena cava

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16
Q

What does the kidney do?

A

Regulates water content and filters blood

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17
Q

What does the ureter do?

A

Carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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18
Q

What is the urethra?

A

A tube connecting the bladder to the exterior where urines released

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19
Q

What is the ureter?

A

A tube connecting the kidney to the bladder

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20
Q

What are the parts of a nephron?

A

Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

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21
Q

What substances are forced out of thr capillaries in ultrafiltration?

A

Glucose, water, urea, salts

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22
Q

Where does ultrafiltration happen?

A

Blood in the glomerulus is under high pressure and forces substances out of the blood into the bowman’s capsule

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23
Q

Where is water reabsorbed?

A

Loop on henle and collecting duct

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24
Q

Where are salts reabsorbed?

A

Loop of henle

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25
Q

Where is glucose reabsorbed?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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26
Q

Where is urea reabsorbed?

A

It’s not

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27
Q

How does reabsorption of glucose happen?

A

By active transport

28
Q

How is water reabsorbed?

A

Ósmosis

29
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The process of maintaining water and salt concentrations across membranes in the body

30
Q

What is the filtrate?

A

The substances forced out of the blood

31
Q

Why can selective reabsorption of glucose only take place in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

The gates that facilitate the active transport of glucose are only found in the pct

32
Q

What does ADH do?c

A

Controls water content in the body by increasing the permeability of the kidney tubules to water

33
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Causes an egg to mature on an ovary and stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen

34
Q

What does Lh do?

A

Stimulates the release of an egg from an ovary

35
Q

What are the monomers of DNA called?

A

Nucleotides

36
Q

What are the parts of a nucleotide?

A

A phosphate, a sugar and a base

37
Q

What are the different bases in DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

38
Q

What does adenine pair with on DNA?

A

Thymine

39
Q

What does cytosine pair with in DNA?

A

Guanine

40
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

The sequence of bases

41
Q

What is a set of three bases known as?

A

A codon or triplet?

42
Q

What does each codon code for?

A

A single amino acid

43
Q

What is the chain of amino acids known as?

A

A polypeptide

44
Q

What are the two steps involved in protein synthesis?

A

Translation and transcription

45
Q

What is transcription (basic)?

A

The process of taking a single gene and copying it into mRNA

46
Q

What is transcription (basic)?

A

The process of taking the mRNA and using it to make a protein

47
Q

Why do we need to make a copy of the gene to make a protein?

A

Because the DNA is too big to leave the nucleus

48
Q

Why does making a copy of the gene work?

A

Because it’s only a gene not the whole DNA so the copy is small enough to leave the nucleusn

49
Q

What does mRNA stand for?

A

messenger RNA

50
Q

What are the differences between mRNA and DNA?

A

mRNA is shorter than DNA, mRNA is only a single strand and it contains uracil instead of thymine

51
Q

How is a gene copied to form mRNA?

A

RNA polymerase binds to a region of non coding DNA in front of a gene
The two strands of DNA unzip and the RNA polymerase moves along one of the strands
It uses the coding DNA in the gene as a template to make the complementary mRNA
The mRNA moves out of the nucleus and joins with a ribosome in the cytoplasm

52
Q

What is DNA?

A

Two strands coiled to form a double helix linked by a series of complementary paired bases

53
Q

What is translation?

A

Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNA
the order the acids are brought matches the order of codons in the mRNA
the tRNA has an anti-codon which is complementary to the codon for the amino acid - this means the amino acids are brought to the ribosome in the right order
The amino acids are joined together by the ribosome and the tRNA leaves
The chain of amino acids fold together to form a protein

54
Q

What does a vaccine contain?

A

Small amounts of dead pathogens

55
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

They expose us to the antigens of a pathogen so we can build natural immunity

56
Q

What parts of the carbon cycle remove carbon dioxide from the air?

A

Photosynthesis

57
Q

What processes in the carbon cycle release carbon dioxide into the air?

A

Combustion, decomposition, respiration

58
Q

Why do farmers use polythene tunnels?

A

You can control the light intensity co2 levels and temperature in them to increase crop yield and they’re cheaper than greenhouses

59
Q

Why do plants need nitrates?

A

To make proteins so they can grow

60
Q

Why do plants need phosphates?

A

To make DNA and cell membranes, stunts root growth without it

61
Q

Why do plants need potassium?

A

It’s needed to make the enzymes required for photosynthesis and respiration, leaves go yellow without it

62
Q

What must be controlled in fish farming?

A

Disease, water quality, predation and feeding

63
Q

What type of predation involves the farmed fish eating each other?

A

Intraspecific

64
Q

What type of predation involves other animals eating the fish?

A

Interspecific predation

65
Q

What are the products of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A

CO2 and ethanol

Biology Revision (5 decks)

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