Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psychology > paper 3 (yesterday) > Flashcards

paper 3 (yesterday) Flashcards

1
Q

define free will

A

the belief that we have autonomy to make our own decisions despite forces working on us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe a study supporting the idea that we don’t have free will

A

LIBET- And EEG tracked people’s brain waves before they performed a small voluntary movement e.g. pressing a button. Showed that the brain makes decisions half a second before we are even consciously aware that we want to, however can be criticised as self report methods of consciousness can vary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define determinism

A

All of our actions are out of our control and we cannot make ANY conscious decisions (see diagram of sheep choosing to enter the slaughter through the left entrance or the right)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define hard and soft determinism

A
  1. Hard- Complete determinism. Behaviours and emotions are entirely due to external factors e.g. environment and biology.
  2. Soft- Forces do act upon us e.g. genetics however we have the conscious choice to act on effects of them.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 4 types of determinism and what do they mean (BEPS 👄)

A
  1. Biological- due to biological factors e.g. genes and neurotransmitter levels
  2. Environmental- due to learning and things around you e.g. violent role models
  3. Psychic- caused by innate drives in your developmental stages e.g. oral fixations due to complications in the oral stage
  4. Scientific- the idea that each behaviour and thought has a direct response (casual explanations)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are casual explanations

A

everything must have a direct cause with no extraneous factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

give evidence for determinism

A

Derren Brown (hypnotist) who proved environmental determinism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

define the nomothetic approach

A

generalising large samples to make standards of behaviour etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define the idiographic approach

A

focuses on individuals e.g. case studies to try to understand human behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a study that contains nomothetic AND idiographic research

A

the MSM model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is socially sensitive research

A

research that could have an effect on individuals or social groups, usually sensitive and/or negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

an e.g. of socially sensitive research

A

Bowlbys caregiver interaction research, sensitive to women as it implies that they’re the primary caregiver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

an ethnic socially sensitive research

A

Lombroso, ethnic minorities are more likely to commit crime. Painted them as criminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

who stated 4 aspects of research that a researcher must consider for social sensitivity

A

Seiber and Stanley

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 4 aspects of research a researcher must consider before publishing research

A
  1. The question (does it imply truth straight away)
  2. Participant treatment (confidentiality, debrief etc)
  3. Institutional context (Funding may bias results)
  4. Interpretation of findings (will it create moral panic etc)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ways to stop ethical implications

A
  1. Awareness of the issue to prevent SFP

2. Dealing with the issue (debrief for participants, care when publicising, confidentiality etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a schema

A

mental frameworks that help us organise and interpret information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Whats an example of a type of schema are children born with?

A

Face schema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What motivates children to learn ?

A

Disequilibrium and Equaalibiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define Disequilibrium

A

Something that doesn’t make sense according to our schema and what we’re experiencing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define equilibration

A

learning to adjust schemas to fit with experience

22
Q

How does learning take place

A

assimilation and accommodation

23
Q

define assimilation

A

incorporating different objects into existing schema e.g, banging multiple objects to get the same noise or identifying multiple breeds of dogs as a dog

24
Q

define accommodation

A

when the new object doesn’t fit existing schema, demanding need for equilibrium e.g. an egg breaking when the schema of banging was applied or meeting a cat that fits the schema of a dog

25
Q

evaluate piagets claim positively

A
  1. Howe et. al, kids made their own assumptions about objects rolling down a hill and adjusted these themselves after witnessing it in action
26
Q

evaluate piaget negatively

A
  1. Vygotsky says the process and role of an MKO teaches kids this, not kids themselves
27
Q

what is a positive consequence of piagets theory

A

has been applied to discovery learning at schools as a more effective method of teaching

28
Q

What are Piagets stages of intellectual development

A
  1. Sensorimotor (0-2)
  2. Pre-operational (2-7)
  3. Stage of Concrete Operations (7-11)
  4. Formal Operations (11+)
29
Q

Describe the Sensorimotor stage

A

Babies lack object per menace but gain this at 8 months, supported by piaget experiment

30
Q

Describe the Pre-Operational stage

A

Kids are egocentric, lack class inclusion and conservation. Supported by three mountains task, counters task and animal task

31
Q

Describe the Stage of Concrete Operations

A

Kids have basic logic so can do everything they couldn’t in the Pre-Operational stage. However cannot understand abstract concepts e.g. syllogisms

32
Q

describe the formal operations stage

A

kids can now understand adult reasoning and abstract concepts e.g. syllogisms

33
Q

Eval Piagets stages

A

L- HUGHES says children decentre way earlier than the pre op stage with his policeman task, claimed the mountain task was too complex

S- Application to education

L- Siegler and Svetina- Clay, proved after correction in a longitudinal study that kids learnt to grasp these things with aid.

34
Q

What did Vygostky claim

A

children are born with elemental functions which develop into higher mental functions which are CONTEXT DEPENDANT e.g. hunting vs evaluation skills in a level psychology

35
Q

What are Vygotskys 2 concepts and explain

A
  1. ZPD- (circle model) what a learner can do independently. what they can do aided by a MKO and what they cannot yet do.
  2. Scaffolding- help given by the MKO which guides children through the ZPD, aids children til they learn independence
36
Q

What are Wood et al’s scaffolding elements

A
  1. Recruitment- gaining interest
  2. Reduction in degrees of freedom- gaining focus
  3. Direction Maintenance- motivation and encouragement to continue
  4. Marking Critical Features- highlighting important parts
  5. Demonstration- showing learner physically how to do task
37
Q

eval of scaffolding

A

S- education application
S- McNaughton and Leyland- mother’s and puzzles
T- Ignored individual differences in needs

38
Q

what did Selman propose

A

Levels of Perspective taking

39
Q

What are the stages of perspective taking

A

Stage 0- Socially Egocentric (3-6)
Stage 1- Social Information Role Taking (6-8)
Stage 2- Self Reflective Role Taking (8-10)
Stage 3- Mutual Role Taking (10-12)
Stage 4- Social and conventional system role taking (12+)

40
Q

identify the features of the socially egocentric stage

A

Egocentrism (can’t see other perspectives)

41
Q

identify features of the social information role taking stage

A

can see other perspectives but just see one at a time

42
Q

identify features of the self reflective role taking

A

can explain why people feel the way they do and appreciate their perspectives but still just see one view at a time

43
Q

explain features of the mutual role taking stage

A

child can now process more than one view at a time

44
Q

explain the social and conventional role taking

A

kids understand that more than just understanding needs to take place to resolve conflict, CONVENTIONS need to take place

45
Q

what js the Theory of Mind

A

the ability to mind read that forms around 4 years old

46
Q

study to support theory of mind

A

Beads in a jar with 3 and 4 year olds, 3 year olds struggled but 4 year olds understood what adults meant to do even when they struggled to put the beads in the jar

47
Q

explain the false belief task

A

kids at 3 and 4 were asked to identify where they’d look for chocolate after putting it in a cupboard and it is moved and only 4 year olds correctly identified they’d look where it was moved fo

48
Q

what is the sally-anne task

A

a false belief task with sally, anne and a ball

49
Q

outline a study that proves people with ASD dont have ToM

A

Baron-Cohen- 20% of ASD kids completed the sally anne task and 85% of healthy kids

50
Q

who discovered the mirror neurone system

A

Rizzolatti

51
Q

what did RAMACHANDRAN say

A

this process explains and aids the theory of evolution

psychology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions