paper 3 (yesterday) Flashcards
define free will
the belief that we have autonomy to make our own decisions despite forces working on us
describe a study supporting the idea that we don’t have free will
LIBET- And EEG tracked people’s brain waves before they performed a small voluntary movement e.g. pressing a button. Showed that the brain makes decisions half a second before we are even consciously aware that we want to, however can be criticised as self report methods of consciousness can vary.
Define determinism
All of our actions are out of our control and we cannot make ANY conscious decisions (see diagram of sheep choosing to enter the slaughter through the left entrance or the right)
Define hard and soft determinism
- Hard- Complete determinism. Behaviours and emotions are entirely due to external factors e.g. environment and biology.
- Soft- Forces do act upon us e.g. genetics however we have the conscious choice to act on effects of them.
what are the 4 types of determinism and what do they mean (BEPS 👄)
- Biological- due to biological factors e.g. genes and neurotransmitter levels
- Environmental- due to learning and things around you e.g. violent role models
- Psychic- caused by innate drives in your developmental stages e.g. oral fixations due to complications in the oral stage
- Scientific- the idea that each behaviour and thought has a direct response (casual explanations)
what are casual explanations
everything must have a direct cause with no extraneous factors
give evidence for determinism
Derren Brown (hypnotist) who proved environmental determinism
define the nomothetic approach
generalising large samples to make standards of behaviour etc
define the idiographic approach
focuses on individuals e.g. case studies to try to understand human behaviour
what is a study that contains nomothetic AND idiographic research
the MSM model
What is socially sensitive research
research that could have an effect on individuals or social groups, usually sensitive and/or negative
an e.g. of socially sensitive research
Bowlbys caregiver interaction research, sensitive to women as it implies that they’re the primary caregiver
an ethnic socially sensitive research
Lombroso, ethnic minorities are more likely to commit crime. Painted them as criminals
who stated 4 aspects of research that a researcher must consider for social sensitivity
Seiber and Stanley
What are the 4 aspects of research a researcher must consider before publishing research
- The question (does it imply truth straight away)
- Participant treatment (confidentiality, debrief etc)
- Institutional context (Funding may bias results)
- Interpretation of findings (will it create moral panic etc)
Ways to stop ethical implications
- Awareness of the issue to prevent SFP
2. Dealing with the issue (debrief for participants, care when publicising, confidentiality etc)
What is a schema
mental frameworks that help us organise and interpret information
Whats an example of a type of schema are children born with?
Face schema
What motivates children to learn ?
Disequilibrium and Equaalibiration
Define Disequilibrium
Something that doesn’t make sense according to our schema and what we’re experiencing
Define equilibration
learning to adjust schemas to fit with experience
How does learning take place
assimilation and accommodation
define assimilation
incorporating different objects into existing schema e.g, banging multiple objects to get the same noise or identifying multiple breeds of dogs as a dog
define accommodation
when the new object doesn’t fit existing schema, demanding need for equilibrium e.g. an egg breaking when the schema of banging was applied or meeting a cat that fits the schema of a dog
evaluate piagets claim positively
- Howe et. al, kids made their own assumptions about objects rolling down a hill and adjusted these themselves after witnessing it in action
evaluate piaget negatively
- Vygotsky says the process and role of an MKO teaches kids this, not kids themselves
what is a positive consequence of piagets theory
has been applied to discovery learning at schools as a more effective method of teaching
What are Piagets stages of intellectual development
- Sensorimotor (0-2)
- Pre-operational (2-7)
- Stage of Concrete Operations (7-11)
- Formal Operations (11+)
Describe the Sensorimotor stage
Babies lack object per menace but gain this at 8 months, supported by piaget experiment
Describe the Pre-Operational stage
Kids are egocentric, lack class inclusion and conservation. Supported by three mountains task, counters task and animal task
Describe the Stage of Concrete Operations
Kids have basic logic so can do everything they couldn’t in the Pre-Operational stage. However cannot understand abstract concepts e.g. syllogisms
describe the formal operations stage
kids can now understand adult reasoning and abstract concepts e.g. syllogisms
Eval Piagets stages
L- HUGHES says children decentre way earlier than the pre op stage with his policeman task, claimed the mountain task was too complex
S- Application to education
L- Siegler and Svetina- Clay, proved after correction in a longitudinal study that kids learnt to grasp these things with aid.
What did Vygostky claim
children are born with elemental functions which develop into higher mental functions which are CONTEXT DEPENDANT e.g. hunting vs evaluation skills in a level psychology
What are Vygotskys 2 concepts and explain
- ZPD- (circle model) what a learner can do independently. what they can do aided by a MKO and what they cannot yet do.
- Scaffolding- help given by the MKO which guides children through the ZPD, aids children til they learn independence
What are Wood et al’s scaffolding elements
- Recruitment- gaining interest
- Reduction in degrees of freedom- gaining focus
- Direction Maintenance- motivation and encouragement to continue
- Marking Critical Features- highlighting important parts
- Demonstration- showing learner physically how to do task
eval of scaffolding
S- education application
S- McNaughton and Leyland- mother’s and puzzles
T- Ignored individual differences in needs
what did Selman propose
Levels of Perspective taking
What are the stages of perspective taking
Stage 0- Socially Egocentric (3-6)
Stage 1- Social Information Role Taking (6-8)
Stage 2- Self Reflective Role Taking (8-10)
Stage 3- Mutual Role Taking (10-12)
Stage 4- Social and conventional system role taking (12+)
identify the features of the socially egocentric stage
Egocentrism (can’t see other perspectives)
identify features of the social information role taking stage
can see other perspectives but just see one at a time
identify features of the self reflective role taking
can explain why people feel the way they do and appreciate their perspectives but still just see one view at a time
explain features of the mutual role taking stage
child can now process more than one view at a time
explain the social and conventional role taking
kids understand that more than just understanding needs to take place to resolve conflict, CONVENTIONS need to take place
what js the Theory of Mind
the ability to mind read that forms around 4 years old
study to support theory of mind
Beads in a jar with 3 and 4 year olds, 3 year olds struggled but 4 year olds understood what adults meant to do even when they struggled to put the beads in the jar
explain the false belief task
kids at 3 and 4 were asked to identify where they’d look for chocolate after putting it in a cupboard and it is moved and only 4 year olds correctly identified they’d look where it was moved fo
what is the sally-anne task
a false belief task with sally, anne and a ball
outline a study that proves people with ASD dont have ToM
Baron-Cohen- 20% of ASD kids completed the sally anne task and 85% of healthy kids
who discovered the mirror neurone system
Rizzolatti
what did RAMACHANDRAN say
this process explains and aids the theory of evolution
