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Psychology A Level > Paper 3: Issues And Debates > Flashcards

Paper 3: Issues And Debates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is gender bias?

A

If research is biased towards men or women
Eg
attachment-female based

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2
Q

What is Androcentrism?

A

A dominantly male perspective known as a andocentric bias.

It is a consequence of beta-bias

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3
Q

What is Alpha Bias?

A

The differences between males and females are exaggerated.

Eg Freuds theory

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4
Q

What is Beta Bias?

A

The differences between males and females minimised.

Eg Asch, Milgram and Zimbardo never tested on females

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5
Q

What is Universality?

A

The aim to develop theories that apply to all people which may include real differences

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6
Q

What is Culture bias?

A

The tendency to judge all people in terms of your own cultural assumptions which may distort or biases your judgement
Eg applying findings from Americans onto the rest of the world

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7
Q

What is Ethnocentrism?

A

Seeing things from the point of view of ourselves and our social group. Evaluating other groups of people using the standards and customs of ones own culture

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8
Q

What is Cultural Relativism?

A

The view that behaviour can not be judged properly unless it is viewed in the context of the culture in which it originates

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9
Q

What is ethical implication of research?

A

Consider the impact or consequences research has on society

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10
Q

What is socially sensitive research?

A

Research that that tackles taboo subjects and could have negative impacts on certain groups in society or society in general
Eg mental health, children (attachment), race, sexuality and gender

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11
Q

What is Free will?

A

The power to make your own choices

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12
Q

What is determinism?

A

Proposes that free will has no place in explaining behaviour

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13
Q

What is hard determinism?

A

No free will

All behaviour can be predicted

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14
Q

What is Soft Determinism?

A

Some free will allowed

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15
Q

What is Biological determinism?

A

Behaviour can be caused genetics such as mental disorders

We have no control over our physiological and neurological processes

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16
Q

What is Environmental determinism?

A

Argues that behaviour is the result of conditioning and our choice is merely reinforcement and our behaviour is shaped by environmental processes

17
Q

What is Psychic determinism?

A

Behaviour is the result of biological drives and instincts

18
Q

What are Causal Explanations?

A

The idea that behaviours have a cause which can lead to scientific implications
Can we establish cause and effect

19
Q

What is nature?

A

Behaviour that is a product of biological or genetic factors (innate)

20
Q

What is heredity?

A

Traits passed down generations
(Inherit)
Eg OCD COMT and SERT Gene

21
Q

What is nurture?

A

Behaviour due to environmental factors
Eg social learning theory
Eg Pavlov’s dogs (conditioning)

22
Q

What is the interactionist approach?

A

Both nature and nurture work together to shape behaviour
Biological vulnerability but may take a environmental trigger therefore both contribute to behaviour

Eg
• Aggression
• Mental Health
• Schizophrenia

23
Q

What is a Holistic approach?

A

Analysing a person or behaviour as a whole and behaviour should not be broken up or simplified
Eg humanistic and Freud

24
Q

What is reductionism?

A

Analysing behaviour by breaking it down into simplistic parts to understand (one explanation)
Eg hormones

25
Q

What are levels of explanation?

A

Levels of reductionism each more simplistic than the other

Behaviour can have a basic level of reductionist explanation eg hormone but some would argue that they can take on more holistic levels of explanation eg Freud

26
Q

What is Biological reductionism?

A

All behaviour is at some level biological so can be explained due to genetics, neurochemical etc

27
Q

What is Idiographic?

A

The study of individuals - Case study
Eg Little Hans-phobia of horses (psychodynamic)

Normally linked to psychodynamic and humanistic as they don’t generalise

28
Q

What is nomothetic?

A

The study of groups which results can be generalised

Eg questionnaire

29
Q

What is the nature-nurture debate?

A

The debate in which behaviour is caused by biological factors such as genetics or environmental factors such as conditioning contributes more to behaviour than the other

Psychology A Level (9 decks)

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