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Psychology A Level > Paper 2: Approaches > Flashcards

Paper 2: Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Humanistic:

Conditions of worth

A

Conditions imposed on an individuals behaviour and development that are considered necessary to earn positive regard from significant others

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2
Q

Humanistic:

Congruence

A

If there is similarity between a persons ideal self and self image a state of congruence exists. A difference represents a state of incongruence

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3
Q

Humanistic:

Free Will

A

The ability to act at ones discretion (choose how to behave without being influenced by external forces)

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4
Q

Humanistic:

Hierarchy of needs

A

The motivational theory proposed by Maslow which is often displayed as a pyramid. It’s shows the levels of basic needs lowest at the bottom and highest at the top

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5
Q

Humanistic:

Humanistic

A

Belief that human beings are born with the desire to grow, create and love and have the power to direct their own lives

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6
Q

Humanistic:

Self (or self concept)

A

How we perceive ourselves

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7
Q

Humanistic:

Self-actualisation

A

The drive to realise ones true potential (final stage of the hierarchy of needs)

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8
Q

Psychodynamic:

Defence mechanisms

A

Unconscious strategies that protect our conscious mind from anxiety to help us cope in a situation

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9
Q

Psychodynamic:

Unconscious mind

A

The part of the mind inaccessible to conscious thought.

Actively prevents traumatic events/memories from reaching conscious awareness

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10
Q

Psychodynamic:

Structure of personality (the psyche)

A

Made up of three structures:
The Id
The ego
The superego

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11
Q

Psychodynamic:

The id

A

The pleasure principle operated in the unconscious mind that demands instant gratification

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12
Q

Psychodynamic:

The ego

A

The reality principle and is the mediator between the id and superego

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13
Q

Psychodynamic:

The superego

A

Internalised right and wrong based on morality principle which causes feelings of guilt

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14
Q

Psychodynamic:

What are the 5 psychosexual stages?

A 
Oral 0-2
Anal 2-3
Phallic 3-6
Latent 6-12
Genital 12+
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15
Q

Psychodynamic:

In which stages can a fixation occur

A

Oral
Anal
Phallic

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16
Q

Psychodynamic:

Oral 0-2

A

Pleasure comes from the mouth

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17
Q

Psychodynamic:

Anal 2-3

A

Gain pleasure from the passing of faeces and they learn control eg potty training

18
Q

Psychodynamic:

Phallic 3-6

A

Genitals
Become aware of gender differences
Oedipus / Electra complex
females have lower moral standards than men

19
Q

Psychodynamic:

Latent 6-12

A

Previous stages are repressed so you cannot remember them

Mastery of children’s world

20
Q

Psychodynamic:

Genital 12+

A

Sexual drives for the id is reawaken and remainder of life is spent dedicated to the pursuit of sex and sexual relationships

21
Q

Psychodynamic:

Consequence of unresolved conflict in the oral stage

A

Pleasure gained from oral activities such as sucking and biting

22
Q

Psychodynamic:

Consequence of unresolved conflict in the anal stage

A

Anally retentive: control freak,obsessive, tidiness,meanness
Anally explusive: disorganisation,untidiness,excessive generosity

23
Q

Psychodynamic:

Consequence of unresolved conflict in the Phallic stage

A

Men:
Feelings of anxiety and guilt about sex,fear of castration,self-obsession and narcissism
Women:
Feelings of inferiority and penis envy

24
Q

Biological:

Gene

A

Chromosome of a organism that carries DNA

25
Q

Biological:

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup of an individual

26
Q

Biological:

Neurochemistry

A

Study of chemical and neural processes associated with the nervous system

27
Q

Biological:

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristics of a individual

28
Q

Biological:

Neurotransmitters

A

Released when a nerve impulse reaches the end of one neuron and travels across the synapse

29
Q

Social Learning Theory:

Imitation

A

The action of using someone as a model or copying their behaviour

30
Q

Social Learning Theory:

Identification

A

Individuals adopts a attitude or behaviour because they want to be associated with a particular person or group

31
Q

Social Learning Theory:

Modelling

A

Individuals learn a particular behaviour by observing another individual performing that behaviour

32
Q

Social learning theory

A

Learning through observing others and imitating behaviours that are rewarded

33
Q

Social Learning Theory:

Meditational processes

A

Internal mental processes that exist between environment stimuli and the response made to the stimuli

34
Q

Social Learning Theory:

Vicarious reinforcement

A

Learning that is not a result of direct reinforcement of behaviour but through observing someone else being reinforced for that behaviour

35
Q

Behaviourist

A

Believe human behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning without thoughts and feelings

36
Q

Behaviourist:

Classical conditioning

A

A neutral stimulus is consistently paired with a unconditioned stimulus and is able to produce a conditioned response

37
Q

Behaviourist:

Operant conditioning

A

Learning through reinforcement

38
Q

Behaviourist:

Punishment

A

Application of a unpleasant consequence following a behaviour meaning the behaviour is less likely to occur again

39
Q

Behaviourist:

Reinforcement

A

Strengthens the likelihood that a behaviour will happen in the future

40
Q

Origins of Psychology:

Empiricism

A

Belief all knowledge is derived from sensory memory

Psychology A Level (9 decks)

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