Paper 2: Approaches Flashcards
Humanistic:
Conditions of worth
Conditions imposed on an individuals behaviour and development that are considered necessary to earn positive regard from significant others
Humanistic:
Congruence
If there is similarity between a persons ideal self and self image a state of congruence exists. A difference represents a state of incongruence
Humanistic:
Free Will
The ability to act at ones discretion (choose how to behave without being influenced by external forces)
Humanistic:
Hierarchy of needs
The motivational theory proposed by Maslow which is often displayed as a pyramid. It’s shows the levels of basic needs lowest at the bottom and highest at the top
Humanistic:
Humanistic
Belief that human beings are born with the desire to grow, create and love and have the power to direct their own lives
Humanistic:
Self (or self concept)
How we perceive ourselves
Humanistic:
Self-actualisation
The drive to realise ones true potential (final stage of the hierarchy of needs)
Psychodynamic:
Defence mechanisms
Unconscious strategies that protect our conscious mind from anxiety to help us cope in a situation
Psychodynamic:
Unconscious mind
The part of the mind inaccessible to conscious thought.
Actively prevents traumatic events/memories from reaching conscious awareness
Psychodynamic:
Structure of personality (the psyche)
Made up of three structures:
The Id
The ego
The superego
Psychodynamic:
The id
The pleasure principle operated in the unconscious mind that demands instant gratification
Psychodynamic:
The ego
The reality principle and is the mediator between the id and superego
Psychodynamic:
The superego
Internalised right and wrong based on morality principle which causes feelings of guilt
Psychodynamic:
What are the 5 psychosexual stages?
Oral 0-2 Anal 2-3 Phallic 3-6 Latent 6-12 Genital 12+
Psychodynamic:
In which stages can a fixation occur
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Psychodynamic:
Oral 0-2
Pleasure comes from the mouth
Psychodynamic:
Anal 2-3
Gain pleasure from the passing of faeces and they learn control eg potty training
Psychodynamic:
Phallic 3-6
Genitals
Become aware of gender differences
Oedipus / Electra complex
females have lower moral standards than men
Psychodynamic:
Latent 6-12
Previous stages are repressed so you cannot remember them
Mastery of children’s world
Psychodynamic:
Genital 12+
Sexual drives for the id is reawaken and remainder of life is spent dedicated to the pursuit of sex and sexual relationships
Psychodynamic:
Consequence of unresolved conflict in the oral stage
Pleasure gained from oral activities such as sucking and biting
Psychodynamic:
Consequence of unresolved conflict in the anal stage
Anally retentive: control freak,obsessive, tidiness,meanness
Anally explusive: disorganisation,untidiness,excessive generosity
Psychodynamic:
Consequence of unresolved conflict in the Phallic stage
Men:
Feelings of anxiety and guilt about sex,fear of castration,self-obsession and narcissism
Women:
Feelings of inferiority and penis envy
Biological:
Gene
Chromosome of a organism that carries DNA
Biological:
Genotype
Genetic makeup of an individual
Biological:
Neurochemistry
Study of chemical and neural processes associated with the nervous system
Biological:
Phenotype
Observable characteristics of a individual
Biological:
Neurotransmitters
Released when a nerve impulse reaches the end of one neuron and travels across the synapse
Social Learning Theory:
Imitation
The action of using someone as a model or copying their behaviour
Social Learning Theory:
Identification
Individuals adopts a attitude or behaviour because they want to be associated with a particular person or group
Social Learning Theory:
Modelling
Individuals learn a particular behaviour by observing another individual performing that behaviour
Social learning theory
Learning through observing others and imitating behaviours that are rewarded
Social Learning Theory:
Meditational processes
Internal mental processes that exist between environment stimuli and the response made to the stimuli
Social Learning Theory:
Vicarious reinforcement
Learning that is not a result of direct reinforcement of behaviour but through observing someone else being reinforced for that behaviour
Behaviourist
Believe human behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning without thoughts and feelings
Behaviourist:
Classical conditioning
A neutral stimulus is consistently paired with a unconditioned stimulus and is able to produce a conditioned response
Behaviourist:
Operant conditioning
Learning through reinforcement
Behaviourist:
Punishment
Application of a unpleasant consequence following a behaviour meaning the behaviour is less likely to occur again
Behaviourist:
Reinforcement
Strengthens the likelihood that a behaviour will happen in the future
Origins of Psychology:
Empiricism
Belief all knowledge is derived from sensory memory
