PAPER 3 - Gender Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of SEX ?

A

the BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE between male and female including chromosomes, hormones and anatomy

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2
Q

What are the MALE chromosomes ?

A

XY

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3
Q

What are the FEMALE chromosomes ?

A

XX

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4
Q

What is the definition of GENDER ?

A

PSYCHOLOGICAL and CULTURAL difference between male and females including attitudes, behaviour and social roles

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5
Q

What influences gender ?

A

social norms and cultural expectations (ENVIRONMENT)

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6
Q

What is INTERSEX ?

A

child is inadvertently exposed to HORMONAL IMBALANCES in the womb
- genitals appear neither obviously male or female

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7
Q

How many people experience intersex ?

A

1 in 2000 babies are born with some level of intersex

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8
Q

What is the definition of SEX-ROLE STEREOTYPES ?

A

a set of beliefs and PRECONCEIVED IDEAS about what is expected for males and females in a GIVEN SOCIETY

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9
Q

Give an example of a sex-role stereotype with no basis

A

women love shopping and men hate it

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10
Q

Give an example of a sex-role stereotype that is backed by biology

A

women are better at multi-tasking

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11
Q

What is the definition of ANDROGYNY ?

A

displaying a BALANCE of masculine and feminine CHARACTERISTICS in one’s personality

(someone who cannot be identified as male or female)

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12
Q

What is the BSRI ?

A

the first SYSTEMATIC attempt to measure androgyny using a rating scale of 60 traits

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13
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of the BSRI ?

A
  • VALIDITY
  • RELIABILITY
  • PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
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14
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of the BSRI ?

A
  • CULTURAL ISSUES
  • TEMPORAL VALIDITY
  • ETHNOCENTRIC
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15
Q

What is the definition of CHROMOSOMES ?

A

they are found in the NUCLEUS of living cells and CARRY INFORMATION in the form of GENES; the 23rd pair = biological sex

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16
Q

What are chromosomes made of ?

A

DNA - genes are short sections of DNA

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17
Q

What is the definition of HORMONES ?

A

a CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE circulated in the blood that controls and REGULATES the activity of certain cells and organs

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18
Q

What is the definition of TESTOSTERONE ?

A

a hormone from the ANDROGEN group that is produced mainly in the MALE TESTES

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19
Q

What is the definition of OESTROGEN ?

A

the primary female hormone, which plays an important role on the MENSTRUAL CYCLE and REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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20
Q

What is the definition of OXYTOCIN ?

A

a hormone, which causes the UTERUS TO CONTRACT during labour and stimulates LACTATION

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21
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of the role of chromosomes and hormones ?

A
  • SUPPORT RESEARCH (Dr. Money)
  • SUPPORT RESEARCH (Van Goozen)
  • SUPPORT RESEARCH (Dabbs)
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22
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of the role of chromosomes and hormones ?

A
  • CONFLICTING EVIDENCE (Tricker)
  • CONFLICTING EVIDENCE (Maccoby & Jacklin)
  • POPULATION VALIDITY
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23
Q

What is the definition of ATYPICAL SEX CHROMOSOME ?

A

any sex chromosome pattern that DEVIATES from the usual XX or XY formation

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24
Q

What are the two types of atypical sex chromosome combinations ?

A

klinefelter’s syndrome

turner’s syndrome

25
What is KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME ?
- affects 1:1000 males - XXY chromosomes - 47 chromosomes instead of 46
26
What are the PHYSICAL characteristics of Klinefelter's syndrome ?
- reduced body hair - some breast development - underdeveloped genitals - more prone to breast cancer
27
What are the PSYCHOLOGICAL characteristics of Klinefelter's syndrome ?
- poor memory - poor problem solving - don't respond well in stressful situations
28
What is TURNER'S SYNDROME ?
- affects 1:2000 women - only have one X chromosome - 45 chromosomes rather than 46
29
What are the PHYSICAL characteristics of Turner's syndrome ?
- no menstrual cycle - do not develop breasts - hips similar size to breast
30
What are the PSYCHOLOGICAL characteristics of Turner's syndrome ?
- high than average reading ability - lower mathematical skills - struggle with visual tasks
31
What is Kohlberg's cognitive explanation of gender development ?
- gender knowledge develops in the same way as all knowledge - through INTERACTION with the world - universal
32
According to Kohlberg what is the FIRST stage of gender knowledge ?
GENDER IDENTITY (2-3 years)
33
What occurs in the GENDER IDENTITY stage ?
- label others - judgements based on external features - do not understand gender is permanent
34
According to Kohlberg what is the SECOND stage of gender knowledge ?
GENDER STABILITY (4-6 years)
35
What occurs in the GENDER STABILITY stage ?
- gender is fixed | - can be confused by external changes e.g. woman wears trousers
36
According to Kohlberg what is the THIRD stage of gender knowledge ?
GENDER CONSTANCY (7-12 years)
37
What occurs in the GENDER CONSTANCY stage ?
- changes in appearance does not mean change in gender | - start to learn gender appropriate behaviour
38
What does the GENDER SCHEMA THEORY (gst) suggest as a cognitive explanation of gender development ?
- children are MOTIVATED to acquire knowledge - earlier age than Kohlberg suggested - develop understanding ACTIVELY rather than passively
39
According to the GST, at what age to children have a rigid idea of gender ?
3 years
40
According to the GST, where do children gain schemas from ?
- adults - peers - media = schemas are related to cultural norms
41
What is the FIRST stage in the GST ?
- in-group and out-group - in-group puts down out-group to raise self esteem - girls will say boys are nasty and girls who play with boys are teased
42
What is the SECOND stage in GST ?
- child forms own-schema - based on behaviours that are appropriate for them - develop with experience - "a doll is for a girl" --> "i am a girl, the doll is for me"
43
What is the THIRD stage in GST ?
- beliefs are resilient | - ignore info that is not consistent with in-group info
44
What does the PSYCHODYNAMIC EXPLANATION suggest about gender development ?
- children pass through 5 stages (OAPLG) - gender occurs in 3rd stage (phallic) - 3-6 years - before this children are bi-sexual
45
What is the OEDIPUS COMPLEX ?
- incestuous feeling towards mother - jealous of father - fear of castration from father - resolve anxiety = give up love for mother and IDENTIFY with FATHER
46
What is the ELECTRA COMPLEX ?
- double resentment for mother - love rival & castrated in the womb = penis envy - substitute penis envy for desire to have children - thus IDENTIFY with MOTHER
47
What is the IDENTIFICATION phase in the psychodynamic explanation ?
identify with same-sex parent as it resolves their respective complexes
48
What is the INTERNALISATION phase in the psychodynamic explanation ?
- adopt the attitudes of the same-sex parent and take on their gender identity - boys and girls receive a 'second-hand' gender identity at the end of the phallic stage
49
What does the SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (slt) suggest as a theory of gender development ?
- learned form observing and imitating other people - NUTURE - 4 mediational processes
50
What are the 4 MEDIATIONAL PROCESSES in SLT ?
- attention - retention - motor reproduction - motivation
51
What is ATTENTION in relation to gender ?
- pay attention to behaviour | - watch mum doing the ironing)
52
What is RETENTION in relation to gender ?
- retain and reproduce the information they have observed | - remember what she was doing when she was ironing
53
What is MOTIVATION in relation to gender ?
- hearing dad thanking mum for ironing shirt | - direct or indirect reinforcement increases motivation e.g. being praised for 'being just like mummy'
54
What is MOTOR REPRODUCTION in relation to gender ?
- physically capable to reproduce behaviour | - copy the action by ironing dolls clothes with toy iron
55
What is IDENTIFICATION ?
the extent to which we relate to a model | more likely to copy behaviour of models we identify with
56
What is INDIRECT REINFORCEMENT ?
copying a role model who they have seen being rewarded for their behaviour
57
What is DIRECT REINFORCEMENT ?
being praised for demonstrating a behaviour they have observed
58
What is DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT ?
they way in which boys and girls are encouraged to show DISTINCT GENDER-APPROPRIATE behaviour