Issues and Debates Y13 Flashcards
Culture bias
Trigger words.
- To judge all
- Your own
- What does this do?
The tendency to judge all people in terms of your own cultural assumptions. This distorts or biases your judgement.
Ethnocentrism
- Ones own..
- Believe that this is..
Seeing the world only from one’s own cultural prespective, and believing that this one prespective is normal and correct.
Cultural Relativism
Trigger words:
- behaviour
- Understood
- Only if CC
Insists that behaviour can be properly understood only if the cultural context is taken into consideration
Alpha bias
Trigger words:
- Theory
- Different
Occurs when a theory assumes that cultural groups profoundly different
Beta bias
Trigger words:
- ignored
- the same
- Univeral
Occurs when real cultural differences are ignored or minimised, and all people are assumed to be the same, resulting in universal research designs and conclusions
Culture-bound syndrome
Trigger words:
- Signs and symptoms
- Restricted
- limited
- Psychosocial social
a collection of signs and symptoms that is restricted to a limited number of cultures due to certain psychosocial features
Determinism
- no place
-Explanaing - Predictable
I & Ex
Free will has no place in explaning behaviour, thereforce behaviour is predictable due to internal + external forces.
Hard determinism
Trigger words:
- free will
- Always
- out of our control
Free will is not possible as our behaviour is always caused by internal + external factors that are out of our control.
For example, someone with depresssion may have serious social problems and believe that their current behaviour in terms of coping with it cannot change they had fixed belief of deciding to do thise behaviour.
Soft determinism
- All
- conscious
All behaviour can also be determined by conscious and choices and our free will to a certain degree.
For example, a regular smoker who is a aware of their addiction also knows they have the choice to quit even though they may be surrouned by influnces that could affect their decision.
Biological determinism
- Human
- innate
refers to the idea that all human behaviour is innate and determined by genes.
Environmental determinism
- Behaviour
- forces
is the view that behaviour is determined or caused by forces outside the individual.
Psychic determinism
- Childhood experiences
- Innate drives
Claims that human behaviour is the result of childhood experiences and innate drives (ID, Ego and Superego), as in Freud’s model of psychological development.
Ethical implication of socially sensitive research
Socially sensitive research
- Social conseqeunce 4 who?
- Represent
Any research that might have a direct social consequence for the participants in the research or group that they may represent.
Sieber and Stanley (1988)
- Term
- ## Potential SC
Used the term social sensitivity to describe studies where there are potential social consequence for the participants or the group of people represented by the research
Migram’s (1963) research
- Consider whether…?
- What happened to the p’s and why?
- What did the experiment cause?
- What happened to the p’s after the experiment.
- What did they do a year later.
- Need to consider whether the ‘ends justify the means’.
- P’s were decevied and were unable to give fully informed consent.
- Experiment also caused distress and the particpants were told to continue.
- P’s were debried after the experiment and a follow-up interview took place a year later.
Migram’s (1963) research outcome.
-Follow up
Follow up interviews suggested that the participants had suffered no long-term effects.
Migram’s (1963) research Link sentence
Trigger Word:
- Justify the way?
- Why is it useful?
- Affects
It could be argued that the importance of the findings did justify the way the research was conducted, as. the research is useful to society in determining the factors that affect obidence.
Bowlby’s theory of attachment
- Form what?
- What does this type of attachment affect their future
- Through what?
Suggest that children form special attachment bond, usually with their mother. (Must critical period.)
- He also suggested that this attachment bond affects their future relationships through an IWM
What has Bowlby’s theory of attachment encourged?
- Women
- How could this make mothers feel?
The view that woman’s place is at home with her children.
- Could make some mother feel guility for wanting to return to work.
Explain what psychologists mean by socially sensitive research. [2/3 mark]
Define Socially sensitve research,
Given an example.
Milgram.
Model Answer.
Any research that might have a direct social consequence for the participants in the research or group that they may represent.
For example Milgram’s (1963) research where participants were deceived and unable to give fully informed consent.
Ethical guidelines
Trigger words
- A set of..
- How are they made by?
- Why does it help psychologists do?
A set of principles set out by BPS (British psychological society) to help psychologists behave honestly and integrity.
Ethical issues
- When does these issues come?
- When there is..
- rights of p’s .. of..
Issues that arise when there is conflict between the rights of the participant and the aims of the research.
Ethical implications
- Condering the impact of??
- Not just what?
Consider the impact or the consequences the research has on other people in a wider context, not just the participants taking part in the research.
Cyril Burt
What studies did he use?
What report did his views?
- Used studies of identical twins to support that intelligence is largely genetic.
- His views greatly influenced the Hadow report (1926) which led to the creation of 11+ which was used 1944-1976.
Give an example of research that is social sensitive,
Milgram’s (1963) research
Give an example of a theory that is socially sensitive.
Bowlby’s Theory of attach that suggests that children form one speical attachment bond, usually with their mothers.
Briefly explain how the research could have dealt with the issue of social sensitivity.
Methodology used:
- Confidentiality and anonymity
- Application of finding whether it has a negative impact on individuals.
Suggest two ways in which researchers might reduce cultural bias in their research. [2 marks]
- use researchers who are familiar with in the culture being investigated
- be sensitive to cultural norms when designing research
Which two of the following are examples of ethnocentrism? Write the two correct letters in your answer book.
When a Chinese researcher:
[2 marks]
C. Expects people from other countries to behave in the same way as people from China.
D. thinks that people from China are superior to people from other countries.
Psych determinism
Id soley opperates..
Suggests that our behaviour is caused by innate drives and early experiences. i.e both internal and external forces. the ID that soley opperates according to the pleasure principles.
Psych determinism example
Diabetes
For example, an individual that suffers from diabetes might seek to satisfy their innate urges by over induldging in unhealthy foods even though know its not good for them. This coupled with external forces might lead to obtaining this satification into adulthood
Or tramuatic experience.
AO3 Free will and determinism
No behavioural is completely biologically determined
free will and determinism
P: Studies that comapre identical twins typically find 80% concordance rates for intelligence and 40% for depression.
E: However, identical twins share 100% of their genes and even though there is an 80% similarity in terms of IQ, the results suggest that 20% is caused by enviromental factors
E: This suggests that neither biological nor enviromental determinism can fully explain behaviour. There is usually an interaction
Free will is an illusion nd a culurally relative concept
P: Behavioural psychologists skinner claimed that free will is an illusion as our choices are acc determined by previous reinforcement experiences.
E: Furthermore, theidea of self-determinism may only be relevant in indvidualistic societies as collectivist cultures emphasie group needs
E: This suggests that our experiences of free will is a product of socialisation and is not universal.
Determinim can provide an excuse for immoral behaviour
a truly determinst
P: Stephen Mobley, who killed a pizza shop manager in 1981 and claimed that he was born to kill due to history of violence.
E: However, this argument was rejected and he was sentenced to death.
E: A truly determinist position may be undersiable as it would allow individuals to ‘excuse’ their behaviour, leading to issues of criminal responsibility
