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Psychology > Paper 3 > Flashcards

Paper 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What approaches are deterministic

A

Psychodynamic
Bio
Behavioural
Half cognitive and SLT

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2
Q

Why are some approaches half deterministic

A

Cognitive and SLT - we choose thoughts/actions but only operate within limits of what we have learnt

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3
Q

Define soft determinism

A

There is a cause of action but we have conscious mental control

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4
Q

Research methods of nomothetic

A

Quantitative
Lab
Make laws

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5
Q

What approaches nomothetic

A 
Bio
Cognitive 
Behavioural 
SLT
Half psychodynamic
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6
Q

Define socially sensitive research

A

Research that could lead to negative consequences for either the people or the institution participating directly in research or the group of people research is about

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7
Q

How to deal with ethical issues

A

Confidentiality
Briefing, informed consent
Debriefing, consent, return to original state

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8
Q

Reasons ethical issues must be considered

A

To avoid harm due to sensitive topics

Protect reputation of psychology as a science (milgram and zimbardo damaged)

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9
Q

Arguments for free will

A

Theologians (religion) say it is good given and form of morality
Members of legal system say its necessary for accountability
Humanistic
Feel like we have free will, face validity

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10
Q

Argument against free will

A

Twin concordance rate, Billet OCD, schizophrenia

Libert used EEG and found decisions were made by unconscious regions before individual consciously aware of thoughts

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11
Q

Real life application of nomothetic

A

Attachment type
Schaffer stages of attachment
Drugs
Animal studies

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12
Q

Ethical implications examples

A

IQ under 70 US, no death penalty
Maternity leave, Bowlby, IWM
Interview technique for kids after McMartin
Labels due to stat infrequency
CI technique, Geiselman
Forced sterilisation of African Americans due to low IQ, test had many American culture questions

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13
Q

3 psychological theories of romantic relationships

A

Social exchange theory
Quity theory
Rusbult investment model

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14
Q

Concepts of social exchange theory

A

Minimise cost, maximise reward
Cost: money, time, stress, missed opportunity
Reward: happiness, sex, companionship, praise

How much award u think u deserve depends on esteem
Comparison of alternatives is cost outweigh reward

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15
Q

Evaluate social exchange theory

A

+ justifies why people leave unhappy relationships
- people don’t always look for rewards
- don’t always weigh up and look for alternatives
- hard to quantify, objective
+ used in couple therapy, taught to increase positive exchange

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16
Q

Beliefs of equity theory

A

Not equal but fair, otherwise distress, it is subjective how much u think is fair
Distribute
Dissatisfaction if unfair
Realignment to restore equity

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17
Q

Evaluate equity

A

+ Hatfield assessed newlyweds contribution level, least satisfied under benefited, next least satisfied were over benefited, most satisfied when equal

  • ethnocentric, western, collectivist culture prefer over benefit, individualist prefer equity
  • individual difference, some are benevolent and feel guilty for over benefitting
  • Clark and Mills argue equity has bigger role in non romantic relationships
  • sex difference, over benefit men almost equal to equity men, over benefited women less satisfied
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18
Q

Explain rusbult investment theory

A

More we invest the more commuted and stable relationships is
Factors that affect commitment: comparison of alternatives, satisfaction and investment
Types of investment are intrinsic (time, info, energy, money, we put in) or extrinsic (things that come out of relationship, kids, memories)

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19
Q

Evaluate Rusbult theory

A

+ Rusbult found theirs who invested more and were satisfied less likely to look for alternatives
+ explain why people stay in abusive relationships, extrinsic kids, lack alternative
- too simple, don’t consider culture or gender
+ Lee meta analysis, invest less, less likely to be satisfied
- self report technique
- correlation not causal

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20
Q

Stages of Ducks phase model

A

Intra psychic phase- cognitive process in individual, realise dissatisfaction, look at pros/cons and alternatives
Dyadic phase- confront partner about dissatisfaction
Social phase- made public to friends/family. Next steps discussed, still time to save
Grave dressing phase- move on, new relationships. Individuals tell own version of break up

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21
Q

Evaluate ducks phase model 1+ 4-

A

+ real life application, people can identify stages of in therapy and try fix before too late, Duck said people in intra should look at positives

  • describes rather than explain
  • cultural bias, break up quicker in individualist culture
  • no individual difference
  • incomplete/ oversimplification, resurrection phase
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22
Q

CMC meaning

A

Computer mediated communication

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23
Q

What did walther say

A

Hyper personal model:
Online relationships more personal, greater disclosure, develop and end quickly
Sender has time to manipulate image to promote intimacy

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24
Q

Studies to support hyper personal model

Evaluate

A

Joinson
Students paired and asked to discuss abstract dilemma. Transcript of unprompted non-task related conversation made, disclosures rated.
Experiment 1- half face to face, half computer chat program
Experiment 2- all computer chat programme, half also had video connection
Results
1- computer mediated had greater disclosure
2- video call had less self disclosure

+ control variables

  • same sex pairs can’t be generalised
  • biased ratings, eventhough judges didn’t know groups they could probably tell

Rubin found with strangers, if further away more likely to self disclose as less likely to see them again and they can’t report to individuals social group

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25
Q

Types of self awareness

A

Public- aware of how u appear to others, increase when face to face
Private- looking inwards and being aware of own feelings, increase with CMC

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26
Q

What is missing in virtual relationships

A

Absence of gating

For example: body shape, introvert/extrovert, appearance, social skills not obvious so cause increases self disclosure

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27
Q

What did McKenna do 1

Evaluate

A

Sent survey to 570 internet users about their online and offline interaction and how close relationships.
Follow up 2 years later.
. 70% of online relationships still together.
.50% ftf relationships still together

Believe virtual lasted long because based more on interest than appearance

  • self report , bias, socially desirable
    + real life, high EV
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28
Q

McKenna experiment 2

A

Pairs of opposite sex met online or offline then 2nd time in person.
More likely to like each other if first meet online
Face to face people had less conversation quality and intimacy

+ anxious people express more on CMC

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29
Q

Natures of virtual relationships

A

Reduced cue theory
Absence of gating
More self disclosure

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30
Q

Reduced cue theory

A

Lack of tone, sarcasm, expressions when CMC cause miscommunication and deindividualisation

Emojis and timing of response are cues

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31
Q

Factors that affect self disclosure

A

Appropriateness
Reciprocity
Gender differences
Virtual vs face to face

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32
Q

Who made social exchange theory

A

Thiabault and Kelley

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33
Q

What is it called when someone judges if they could be getting fewer costs and greater reward from someone else

A

Comparison level of alternatives

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34
Q

Study about shy people preferring cmc

A

Baker
Survey 207 people
Shy people positive correlation between shyness and score of quality of virtual relationships
Non shy no correlation

Shows shy people find virtual relationships very rewarding since negative emotions like anxiety from ftf removed

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35
Q

Symptoms of schizophrenia

DSM-5

A

+ hallucination
+ delusion
+ jumbled speech
+ catatonic behaviour (repeating)

  • no emotion
  • avolition (no motivation)
  • Speech poverty
  • withdrawn from socialising

At least 2 symptoms for 6 months, at least one hallucinations/delusion

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36
Q

Reliability of schiz diagnosis

A
  • cultural bias, in Bristol over diagnose Indian patients
  • low inter rated reliability between cultures, American and British psychiatrists studied same person, diagnosis 69% for American, 2% British
  • gender bias, POWELL asked 290 psychiatrist to diagnose man and woman with identical symptoms. 56% man, 20% woman diagnosed
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37
Q

Validity of schizophrenia diagnosis

A

ROSENHAN
Sane in insane, 7 atypical students got themselves admitted into 12 hospitals by saying “empty hollow thud”. Once in the acted normal but staff thought they had schizophrenia. One student stuck for 12 months
-ICD10 and DSM5 don’t align
Many symptoms cross over with other issues
-Comorbidity

38
Q

Define comorbidity

% for SZ

A 
2+ conductions at same time, hard to diagnose 
Schiz:
50% depressed 
30% PTSD
20% OCD
39
Q

.

A
40
Q

Principles of family dysfunction

A

Schizophrenogenic mother- cold dominant mother cause distrust and tension
BATESON double bind- when kid receive conflicting messages from parent, tries to respond but responds incorrectly due to confusion. Can’t develop sense of reality
Expressed emotions maintain SZ, they receive lots of criticism and hostility from dysfunctional families, correlates to relapse

41
Q

Evaluate double bind

A

+BERGER found SZ report higher recall of double bind
-Unreliable since recall impacted my SZ, self report

  • Cause and effect, WAXLER found significant difference between how mum spoke to SZ vs normal daughter
  • ethical issues blaming family, especially mum
42
Q

F

A
43
Q

Explain cognitive explanations for SZ

A

Dysfunctional thought process
Cause symptoms
Own thoughts misinterpreted for external people
Unable to suppress automatic thoughts

44
Q

Evaluate cognitive SZ explanations

A

+ people with SZ take longer to encode stimuli, had STM issues

  • cognitive issue due to increased dopamine so dysfunctional thoughts may be symptom not cause
  • describe rather than explain
45
Q

Cognitive explanations for SZ evaluate

A

+YELLOWLESS made machine to make virtual hallucinations like hearing someone saying kill yourself, it showed SZ the difference between their hallucinations and reality
+ nurture
- cause and effect, SZ may cause dysfunctional thoughts
- reductionistic, ignore gene

46
Q

Other causes of SZ apart from cognitive, psychology and bio

A

Socio cultural

Low socio cultural status more likely to suffer, stress, poverty and discrimination may cause

47
Q

Types and examples of drugs for SZ

A

Typical, first generation, Chlorpromazine and Haloperidol

Atypical, newer,Clozapine

48
Q

How do Typical drugs work

Side effects

A

Reduce intensity of positive symptoms, block D2 dopamine receptors in brain.
Dry mouth, dizziness, spasm, cramp

49
Q

How atypical drugs work

Side effects

A

Work on negative symptoms.
Bind to dopamine, seretonin and glutamate receptors
Less side effects, reduce WBC count

50
Q

Evaluate drug therapy

A

+Cheap, quick
+ enhance life quality
-Used to clam patients in hospital, unethical
Don’t cure just reduce symptoms
Hard to know dose
Side effects, other mental illness like depression

51
Q

Evidence for type of drug better

A

CROSSLEY meta analysis, atypical better effect, less side effects
THORNLEY did test with Chlorpromazine and placebo, chlorpromazine better effect

52
Q

Aims of family therapy

A 
Educate 
Improve communication 
Teach stress management techniques 
Reduce guilt
Have regular family meetings to resolve problems, set goal
53
Q

Evaluate family therapy

A

+ relapse 40% drugs, 20% with family therapy, 5% when both

+ economic benefits, don’t take up hospital resources

54
Q

Explain token economy SZ

A

Manage rather than treat
Desirable behaviour reinforced, operant conditioning
Exchange tokens for rewards

55
Q

Evaluate SZ token economy

A

+PAUL found it led to better patient function, reduce costs
+NEWTON found tokens motivate activity, stop weight gain from drugs
- not useful once out of hospital
- severely I’ll can’t be rewarded since not able to comply, discrimination

56
Q

CBT for SZ

A

Taught to recognise dysfunction thoughts and told how to stop acting on them
ABC model
Coping strategies

57
Q

Evaluate SZ CBT

A
  • must be willing to engage, disorientated or paranoid patients not cooperative
  • time consuming, expensive
    + NIGEL thought he could predict what person was about to say, CHADWICK showed him videos and asked him to predict, he got none right and reality was restored
58
Q

M

A
59
Q

Evaluate for diathesis stress and SZ 5+

A

+Concordance rate never 100%, suggest environment
+Adopted kids with SZ parents more likely to develop SZ than normal kids, if with a good family less likely to have SZ
+holistic
+ increase SZ if mourning or divorce
+BROWN 50% who had acute SZ episode has major life event in 3 weeks
+drugs like cannabis cause
+ 2.4x more likely to have SZ in city than countryside due to stress
+ BENTALL meta analysis show stress in childhood increases SZ

60
Q

Explain American top down

A

36 sex murders and serial killers interviewed and classified as organised and disorganised

61
Q

Stages of FBI profiling

A

Assimilate data
Reconstruct crime
Classify crime
Create profile

62
Q

Evaluate top down

A
  • Miss import info
  • only for sex serial killers
  • hard to classify
  • small sample when making (36) self report
  • CANTER found no pattern
  • not used for fraud, theft
63
Q

Who made British bottom up

A

CANTER
Info from crime scene gives insight to characteristics, geographic profile (maruderer or commuter), centre of gravity established

64
Q

What is included in British profile

A 
Education/job
Residence 
Social characteristics 
Personality 
Criminal history
65
Q

Evaluate bottom up

A

+ find house from centre of gravity
+ objective
+ AI speed up
- Used for many different crimes, not just sex
- netherland police said vague and expensive
-83% police found useful but only led to accurate identification 3%
+ railway rapist, very accurate profile made
- Robert Napper stab in Wimbledon common, arrest wrong guy who fit profile
-not used for fraud, theft

66
Q

Psychological explanations for crime

A

.Eysenck criminal personality
.Differential association theory
.Psychodynamic

.Cognitive distortions:
Low moral reasoning
Hostile attribution bias
Minimisation

67
Q

What is Eysenck personality

A

Innate personality
Neurotic+extrovert + psychotic= criminal
Neurotic- nervous, anxious, obsessive
Psychotic- how likely to have psychotic breakdown

Extraversion indicator in young
Neuroticism indicator in old

  • culture bias, Hispanic and African American prisoners norm more introverted
68
Q

Who studied hostile attribution bias, what

A

Dodge and frame, read kids story about someone getting injured, asked what the intensions were, found aggressive boys had hostile attribution bias

Only done on boys from one school

69
Q

Example of minimisation

A

BARBAREE found 54% rapists denied, 40% minimised

70
Q

Levels of moral reasoning

Evaluate

A

KOHLBERG said criminal have underdeveloped moral reasoning. Heinz dilemma used to analyse level:
1 preconventional reasoning- right behaviour is what benefits u, okay if punishment avoided
2 Conventional reasoning- right is what makes people think positively of u
3 postconventional- right is what benefits most people

Simplistic
Beta bias, ethnocentric, only done on US men

71
Q

Causes of psychodynamic crime

A

Weak superego- no same sex parent in phallic stage, can’t internalise moral. ID not regulated
Deviant superego- parents superego not developed kids won’t
Overharsh superego- if same sex parent is overharsh when person thinks about ID desires, feel need for punishment, relieve guilt by doing crime

72
Q

Defence mechanism of criminals

A

ENGLANDER
Displace guilt soo don’t feel bad
Deny what they have done or emotions
Repress guilt

73
Q

Evaluate psychodynamic theory

A
  • hard to test unconscious
  • qualitative
  • gender bias, Freud said women have weak superego but less women commit crime
  • no evidence to show children with no same sex parent are criminal
    -siblings have bigger influence over crime than parents
    + consider emotion
    +consider up bringing
74
Q

DAT theory

A

Differential association theory
Crime learnt through association and socialisation
Some community have pro criminal attitudes
Factors affecting crime: frequency, duration and intensity of procrime attitudes

75
Q

Evidence for DAT

A

CAMBRIDGE longitudinal study 411 London white working class boys.
Look at relationships, family size, education, employment, crime history.
41% co convicted offence
7% did 50% of crime
Persistent offenders had low life score

76
Q

Risk factors for crime according to Cambridge study

A

Low intelligence
Low income
Bad parents
How early start commuting

77
Q

Evaluate DAT 1+ 3-

A

-doesn’t account for individual differences, not everyone influenced
- hard to objectively test
+ white collar crime, fraud common in upper class, learnt
- could be genetic, diathesis stress model

78
Q

What happened with the railway rapist

A

24 sexual attacks, 3 murders of women in north London

79
Q

What is investigative psychology

A

Computer database and program called smallest space analysis, patterns identified, offences linked

80
Q

Evaluate investigative psychology

Who used it

A

CANTER analysed 66 sexual assaults using smallest space analysis and identified clear pattern
Scientific
Fast

81
Q

Commuters or

A

Marauders

82
Q

Genetic explanations for crime

A

XYY chromosome frequent in prisons, low IQ, aggressive
Concordance higher with MZ twins
Warrior gene, MAOA increase cause behaviour problems
Hormone and chemical imbalance

83
Q

Evidence against schizophrenia bio approach

A

Jim Fallon has the brain of a serial killer, low prefrontal cortex activity, defective MAOA but he’s not a serial killer

84
Q

Evialuate eysenck personality

A

+Study of 2070 male prisoner, 2422 control
Prisoners higher in extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism

  • not all criminals same
  • cultural bias, Hispanic and african American less extroverted than control
85
Q

Name for when SZ repeats actions and behaviour

A

Catatonic

86
Q

Name for low motivation

A

Avolition

87
Q

Relationships theory with equation? What is it

A

Investment

Commitment = investment + satisfaction-comparison level of alternatives

88
Q

Evidence SZ bad centre of control

A

Stirling stroop test 2x longer

89
Q

Atypical drug

A

Clozapine

90
Q

What yellowless back up

A

Cognitive distortions, faulty centre of control

CBT reality perception

91
Q

Who found decisions made unconsciously before consciously aware using EEG

A

Libert

Psychology (4 decks)

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