Paper 3 Flashcards
What approaches are deterministic
Psychodynamic
Bio
Behavioural
Half cognitive and SLT
Why are some approaches half deterministic
Cognitive and SLT - we choose thoughts/actions but only operate within limits of what we have learnt
Define soft determinism
There is a cause of action but we have conscious mental control
Research methods of nomothetic
Quantitative
Lab
Make laws
What approaches nomothetic
Bio Cognitive Behavioural SLT Half psychodynamic
Define socially sensitive research
Research that could lead to negative consequences for either the people or the institution participating directly in research or the group of people research is about
How to deal with ethical issues
Confidentiality
Briefing, informed consent
Debriefing, consent, return to original state
Reasons ethical issues must be considered
To avoid harm due to sensitive topics
Protect reputation of psychology as a science (milgram and zimbardo damaged)
Arguments for free will
Theologians (religion) say it is good given and form of morality
Members of legal system say its necessary for accountability
Humanistic
Feel like we have free will, face validity
Argument against free will
Twin concordance rate, Billet OCD, schizophrenia
Libert used EEG and found decisions were made by unconscious regions before individual consciously aware of thoughts
Real life application of nomothetic
Attachment type
Schaffer stages of attachment
Drugs
Animal studies
Ethical implications examples
IQ under 70 US, no death penalty
Maternity leave, Bowlby, IWM
Interview technique for kids after McMartin
Labels due to stat infrequency
CI technique, Geiselman
Forced sterilisation of African Americans due to low IQ, test had many American culture questions
3 psychological theories of romantic relationships
Social exchange theory
Quity theory
Rusbult investment model
Concepts of social exchange theory
Minimise cost, maximise reward
Cost: money, time, stress, missed opportunity
Reward: happiness, sex, companionship, praise
How much award u think u deserve depends on esteem
Comparison of alternatives is cost outweigh reward
Evaluate social exchange theory
+ justifies why people leave unhappy relationships
- people don’t always look for rewards
- don’t always weigh up and look for alternatives
- hard to quantify, objective
+ used in couple therapy, taught to increase positive exchange
Beliefs of equity theory
Not equal but fair, otherwise distress, it is subjective how much u think is fair
Distribute
Dissatisfaction if unfair
Realignment to restore equity
Evaluate equity
+ Hatfield assessed newlyweds contribution level, least satisfied under benefited, next least satisfied were over benefited, most satisfied when equal
- ethnocentric, western, collectivist culture prefer over benefit, individualist prefer equity
- individual difference, some are benevolent and feel guilty for over benefitting
- Clark and Mills argue equity has bigger role in non romantic relationships
- sex difference, over benefit men almost equal to equity men, over benefited women less satisfied
Explain rusbult investment theory
More we invest the more commuted and stable relationships is
Factors that affect commitment: comparison of alternatives, satisfaction and investment
Types of investment are intrinsic (time, info, energy, money, we put in) or extrinsic (things that come out of relationship, kids, memories)
Evaluate Rusbult theory
+ Rusbult found theirs who invested more and were satisfied less likely to look for alternatives
+ explain why people stay in abusive relationships, extrinsic kids, lack alternative
- too simple, don’t consider culture or gender
+ Lee meta analysis, invest less, less likely to be satisfied
- self report technique
- correlation not causal
Stages of Ducks phase model
Intra psychic phase- cognitive process in individual, realise dissatisfaction, look at pros/cons and alternatives
Dyadic phase- confront partner about dissatisfaction
Social phase- made public to friends/family. Next steps discussed, still time to save
Grave dressing phase- move on, new relationships. Individuals tell own version of break up
Evaluate ducks phase model 1+ 4-
+ real life application, people can identify stages of in therapy and try fix before too late, Duck said people in intra should look at positives
- describes rather than explain
- cultural bias, break up quicker in individualist culture
- no individual difference
- incomplete/ oversimplification, resurrection phase
CMC meaning
Computer mediated communication
What did walther say
Hyper personal model:
Online relationships more personal, greater disclosure, develop and end quickly
Sender has time to manipulate image to promote intimacy
Studies to support hyper personal model
Evaluate
Joinson
Students paired and asked to discuss abstract dilemma. Transcript of unprompted non-task related conversation made, disclosures rated.
Experiment 1- half face to face, half computer chat program
Experiment 2- all computer chat programme, half also had video connection
Results
1- computer mediated had greater disclosure
2- video call had less self disclosure
+ control variables
- same sex pairs can’t be generalised
- biased ratings, eventhough judges didn’t know groups they could probably tell
Rubin found with strangers, if further away more likely to self disclose as less likely to see them again and they can’t report to individuals social group
Types of self awareness
Public- aware of how u appear to others, increase when face to face
Private- looking inwards and being aware of own feelings, increase with CMC
What is missing in virtual relationships
Absence of gating
For example: body shape, introvert/extrovert, appearance, social skills not obvious so cause increases self disclosure
What did McKenna do 1
Evaluate
Sent survey to 570 internet users about their online and offline interaction and how close relationships.
Follow up 2 years later.
. 70% of online relationships still together.
.50% ftf relationships still together
Believe virtual lasted long because based more on interest than appearance
- self report , bias, socially desirable
+ real life, high EV
McKenna experiment 2
Pairs of opposite sex met online or offline then 2nd time in person.
More likely to like each other if first meet online
Face to face people had less conversation quality and intimacy
+ anxious people express more on CMC
Natures of virtual relationships
Reduced cue theory
Absence of gating
More self disclosure
Reduced cue theory
Lack of tone, sarcasm, expressions when CMC cause miscommunication and deindividualisation
Emojis and timing of response are cues
Factors that affect self disclosure
Appropriateness
Reciprocity
Gender differences
Virtual vs face to face
Who made social exchange theory
Thiabault and Kelley
What is it called when someone judges if they could be getting fewer costs and greater reward from someone else
Comparison level of alternatives
Study about shy people preferring cmc
Baker
Survey 207 people
Shy people positive correlation between shyness and score of quality of virtual relationships
Non shy no correlation
Shows shy people find virtual relationships very rewarding since negative emotions like anxiety from ftf removed
Symptoms of schizophrenia
DSM-5
+ hallucination
+ delusion
+ jumbled speech
+ catatonic behaviour (repeating)
- no emotion
- avolition (no motivation)
- Speech poverty
- withdrawn from socialising
At least 2 symptoms for 6 months, at least one hallucinations/delusion
Reliability of schiz diagnosis
- cultural bias, in Bristol over diagnose Indian patients
- low inter rated reliability between cultures, American and British psychiatrists studied same person, diagnosis 69% for American, 2% British
- gender bias, POWELL asked 290 psychiatrist to diagnose man and woman with identical symptoms. 56% man, 20% woman diagnosed
Validity of schizophrenia diagnosis
ROSENHAN
Sane in insane, 7 atypical students got themselves admitted into 12 hospitals by saying “empty hollow thud”. Once in the acted normal but staff thought they had schizophrenia. One student stuck for 12 months
-ICD10 and DSM5 don’t align
Many symptoms cross over with other issues
-Comorbidity
Define comorbidity
% for SZ
2+ conductions at same time, hard to diagnose Schiz: 50% depressed 30% PTSD 20% OCD
.
Principles of family dysfunction
Schizophrenogenic mother- cold dominant mother cause distrust and tension
BATESON double bind- when kid receive conflicting messages from parent, tries to respond but responds incorrectly due to confusion. Can’t develop sense of reality
Expressed emotions maintain SZ, they receive lots of criticism and hostility from dysfunctional families, correlates to relapse
Evaluate double bind
+BERGER found SZ report higher recall of double bind
-Unreliable since recall impacted my SZ, self report
- Cause and effect, WAXLER found significant difference between how mum spoke to SZ vs normal daughter
- ethical issues blaming family, especially mum
F
Explain cognitive explanations for SZ
Dysfunctional thought process
Cause symptoms
Own thoughts misinterpreted for external people
Unable to suppress automatic thoughts
Evaluate cognitive SZ explanations
+ people with SZ take longer to encode stimuli, had STM issues
- cognitive issue due to increased dopamine so dysfunctional thoughts may be symptom not cause
- describe rather than explain
Cognitive explanations for SZ evaluate
+YELLOWLESS made machine to make virtual hallucinations like hearing someone saying kill yourself, it showed SZ the difference between their hallucinations and reality
+ nurture
- cause and effect, SZ may cause dysfunctional thoughts
- reductionistic, ignore gene
Other causes of SZ apart from cognitive, psychology and bio
Socio cultural
Low socio cultural status more likely to suffer, stress, poverty and discrimination may cause
Types and examples of drugs for SZ
Typical, first generation, Chlorpromazine and Haloperidol
Atypical, newer,Clozapine
How do Typical drugs work
Side effects
Reduce intensity of positive symptoms, block D2 dopamine receptors in brain.
Dry mouth, dizziness, spasm, cramp
How atypical drugs work
Side effects
Work on negative symptoms.
Bind to dopamine, seretonin and glutamate receptors
Less side effects, reduce WBC count
Evaluate drug therapy
+Cheap, quick
+ enhance life quality
-Used to clam patients in hospital, unethical
Don’t cure just reduce symptoms
Hard to know dose
Side effects, other mental illness like depression
Evidence for type of drug better
CROSSLEY meta analysis, atypical better effect, less side effects
THORNLEY did test with Chlorpromazine and placebo, chlorpromazine better effect
Aims of family therapy
Educate Improve communication Teach stress management techniques Reduce guilt Have regular family meetings to resolve problems, set goal
Evaluate family therapy
+ relapse 40% drugs, 20% with family therapy, 5% when both
+ economic benefits, don’t take up hospital resources
Explain token economy SZ
Manage rather than treat
Desirable behaviour reinforced, operant conditioning
Exchange tokens for rewards
Evaluate SZ token economy
+PAUL found it led to better patient function, reduce costs
+NEWTON found tokens motivate activity, stop weight gain from drugs
- not useful once out of hospital
- severely I’ll can’t be rewarded since not able to comply, discrimination
CBT for SZ
Taught to recognise dysfunction thoughts and told how to stop acting on them
ABC model
Coping strategies
Evaluate SZ CBT
- must be willing to engage, disorientated or paranoid patients not cooperative
- time consuming, expensive
+ NIGEL thought he could predict what person was about to say, CHADWICK showed him videos and asked him to predict, he got none right and reality was restored
M
Evaluate for diathesis stress and SZ 5+
+Concordance rate never 100%, suggest environment
+Adopted kids with SZ parents more likely to develop SZ than normal kids, if with a good family less likely to have SZ
+holistic
+ increase SZ if mourning or divorce
+BROWN 50% who had acute SZ episode has major life event in 3 weeks
+drugs like cannabis cause
+ 2.4x more likely to have SZ in city than countryside due to stress
+ BENTALL meta analysis show stress in childhood increases SZ
Explain American top down
36 sex murders and serial killers interviewed and classified as organised and disorganised
Stages of FBI profiling
Assimilate data
Reconstruct crime
Classify crime
Create profile
Evaluate top down
- Miss import info
- only for sex serial killers
- hard to classify
- small sample when making (36) self report
- CANTER found no pattern
- not used for fraud, theft
Who made British bottom up
CANTER
Info from crime scene gives insight to characteristics, geographic profile (maruderer or commuter), centre of gravity established
What is included in British profile
Education/job Residence Social characteristics Personality Criminal history
Evaluate bottom up
+ find house from centre of gravity
+ objective
+ AI speed up
- Used for many different crimes, not just sex
- netherland police said vague and expensive
-83% police found useful but only led to accurate identification 3%
+ railway rapist, very accurate profile made
- Robert Napper stab in Wimbledon common, arrest wrong guy who fit profile
-not used for fraud, theft
Psychological explanations for crime
.Eysenck criminal personality
.Differential association theory
.Psychodynamic
.Cognitive distortions:
Low moral reasoning
Hostile attribution bias
Minimisation
What is Eysenck personality
Innate personality
Neurotic+extrovert + psychotic= criminal
Neurotic- nervous, anxious, obsessive
Psychotic- how likely to have psychotic breakdown
Extraversion indicator in young
Neuroticism indicator in old
- culture bias, Hispanic and African American prisoners norm more introverted
Who studied hostile attribution bias, what
Dodge and frame, read kids story about someone getting injured, asked what the intensions were, found aggressive boys had hostile attribution bias
Only done on boys from one school
Example of minimisation
BARBAREE found 54% rapists denied, 40% minimised
Levels of moral reasoning
Evaluate
KOHLBERG said criminal have underdeveloped moral reasoning. Heinz dilemma used to analyse level:
1 preconventional reasoning- right behaviour is what benefits u, okay if punishment avoided
2 Conventional reasoning- right is what makes people think positively of u
3 postconventional- right is what benefits most people
Simplistic
Beta bias, ethnocentric, only done on US men
Causes of psychodynamic crime
Weak superego- no same sex parent in phallic stage, can’t internalise moral. ID not regulated
Deviant superego- parents superego not developed kids won’t
Overharsh superego- if same sex parent is overharsh when person thinks about ID desires, feel need for punishment, relieve guilt by doing crime
Defence mechanism of criminals
ENGLANDER
Displace guilt soo don’t feel bad
Deny what they have done or emotions
Repress guilt
Evaluate psychodynamic theory
- hard to test unconscious
- qualitative
- gender bias, Freud said women have weak superego but less women commit crime
- no evidence to show children with no same sex parent are criminal
-siblings have bigger influence over crime than parents
+ consider emotion
+consider up bringing
DAT theory
Differential association theory
Crime learnt through association and socialisation
Some community have pro criminal attitudes
Factors affecting crime: frequency, duration and intensity of procrime attitudes
Evidence for DAT
CAMBRIDGE longitudinal study 411 London white working class boys.
Look at relationships, family size, education, employment, crime history.
41% co convicted offence
7% did 50% of crime
Persistent offenders had low life score
Risk factors for crime according to Cambridge study
Low intelligence
Low income
Bad parents
How early start commuting
Evaluate DAT 1+ 3-
-doesn’t account for individual differences, not everyone influenced
- hard to objectively test
+ white collar crime, fraud common in upper class, learnt
- could be genetic, diathesis stress model
What happened with the railway rapist
24 sexual attacks, 3 murders of women in north London
What is investigative psychology
Computer database and program called smallest space analysis, patterns identified, offences linked
Evaluate investigative psychology
Who used it
CANTER analysed 66 sexual assaults using smallest space analysis and identified clear pattern
Scientific
Fast
Commuters or
Marauders
Genetic explanations for crime
XYY chromosome frequent in prisons, low IQ, aggressive
Concordance higher with MZ twins
Warrior gene, MAOA increase cause behaviour problems
Hormone and chemical imbalance
Evidence against schizophrenia bio approach
Jim Fallon has the brain of a serial killer, low prefrontal cortex activity, defective MAOA but he’s not a serial killer
Evialuate eysenck personality
+Study of 2070 male prisoner, 2422 control
Prisoners higher in extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism
- not all criminals same
- cultural bias, Hispanic and african American less extroverted than control
Name for when SZ repeats actions and behaviour
Catatonic
Name for low motivation
Avolition
Relationships theory with equation? What is it
Investment
Commitment = investment + satisfaction-comparison level of alternatives
Evidence SZ bad centre of control
Stirling stroop test 2x longer
Atypical drug
Clozapine
What yellowless back up
Cognitive distortions, faulty centre of control
CBT reality perception
Who found decisions made unconsciously before consciously aware using EEG
Libert
