Paper 3 Flashcards
1.4a - What is a natural hazard and a natural disaster?
A natural hazard is a natural events that has the potential to harm people and their property.
A disaster is the realisation of the hazard, i.e. harm has occurred.
1.4a - What is vulnerability?
Vulnerability describes the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.
1.4a - What are the 4 types of vulnerability?
- Physical Vulnerability - population density, remoteness, the site, design and materials used for infrastructure and for housing
- Social Vulnerability related to demography but also levels of literacy education and systems of good governance
- Economic Vulnerability. The poor lack the resources to build sturdy structures and put other engineering measures in place to protect themselves.
- Environmental Vulnerability. Natural resource depletion - deforestation - can increases chances of landslides
1.4a - What is the risk hazard equation?
risk = hazard x vulnerability/capacity
1.4a - What is resilience?
Resilience is the ability of a community to cope with a hazard; some communities are better prepared than others so a hazard is less likely to become a disaster. It also includes the ability to return to normal following a disaster.
- they have emergency evacuation, rescue and relief systems in place
- they react by helping each other, to reduce numbers affected
- hazard-resistant design or land-use planning have reduced the numbers at risk
1.4b - What is the pressure and release model (PAR)?
The Pressure and Release model shows how the intersection of socio-economic problems/ context and a hazard creates social vulnerability.
1.4a - What is a disaster risk according to the UN?
According to the UN, A disaster risk is The potential loss of life, injury or destroyed or damaged assets which could occur to a system, society or a community in a specific period of time, determined probabilistically as a function of hazard, exposure, and capacity.
1.4b - Haiti PAR?
Root causes - many live on less $2 a day, absence of building codes, violent political instability in 2004, over 80% of Haiti’s educated labour force lives abroad
Dynamic pressures - corners cut in construction to reduce costs, buildings brittle and no flexibility, high movement into urban areas
Unsafe conditions - 60% of country’s hospital and 80% of its schools wiped out by earthquake, 1.5mil homeless, 225k killed, port and airport damaged, 800k left camps
Hazard - Located next to fault zone - major seismic hazard - jan 12 2010 earthquake most powerful in 200 years - aftershocks likely to continue for months
1.7a - Tectonic disaster trend?
Generally, since 1960, Hydro-met hazards, such as floods, storms, cyclones and drought, appear to have become more common over time. Furthermore, the magnitude of these disasters appears to be increasing. This is perhaps due to global warming and human environment issues such as deforestation.
However, the frequency of tectonic hazards have not changed much over the last couple of decades.
1.7a - How good are disaster statistics?
Increase deaths to gain international aid/Decrease deaths to keep tourists coming
May not have the tech to record loses
Harder to compare recent hazards with older ones, tech has improved
Only as good as the methods used to collect them
Classification of hazard types can be ambiguous
No universally agreed definition of disaster - not all data collected
Location - remote places away from the media spotlight frequently go unreported
1.7a - How has people affected by tectonic hazards changed?
General trend - increases - 200 - 300 million average affected now -Around 50 million affected 1980s
Why - Population increase/world pop increase
Urbanisation - higher pop density
More inequality = more living in unsafe areas
Deforestation
Climate change
Technology increased, more record taking, statistics recording is better
1.7a - How has economic losses by tectonic hazards changed?
1980s average $10 billion - Now average $100 billion
why - Global wealth has increased
Development of countries - infrastructure more expensive
More hydro-meteorological hazards due to climate change
Higher pop density due to urbanisation
Globalisation
1.7a - How has deaths by tectonic hazards changed?
Dramatic decrease of deaths since the 1980s
why - Better medicine + medical care
Better tech + monitoring
Response is better
Communication has improved
1.7c - What are geo-physcial hazards?
Volcanic eruptions Earthquakes Landslides Avalanche Tsunami Lahars Glacial bursts
1.7c - What are hydro-meteorological hazards?
Flooding Drought Typhoons/Hurricanes/Cyclone Wildfires Landslides Mudslides
1.7c - What are the identifications of a hazard hotspot/multiple hazard zone?
Tectonic hazards or localised geomorphic hazards
Hydro-meteorological hazards
Vulnerability - number, density, wealth of population, GDP
Tend to find hotspots where plates boundaries intersect with major storm belts in areas of high human concentration in low or medium developed countries.
1.7c - Physical factors that make the Philippines a hazard hotspot?
• Occasional droughts linked to El Nino years
• There are 18 active volcanoes, eruptions are explosive with dangerous Lahars, 100 killed by lahars in Pinatubo
• Landslides are common in the mountainous regions. 3,000 people have died due to landslides in the last 100 years
• Eurasian plates - lighter continental plate. Both volcanoes and earthquakes are found at this type of boundary (Destructive)
• Small low lying islands at risk from coastal flooding during hurricanes - storm surges or tsunamis caused by earthquakes
• Tropical monsoon climate leads to heavy rainfall in May to October and leads to increased risk of flooding, it also coincides with typhoon season
• High risk of typhoons
• Philippines plate - dense oceanic plate is subducted beneath the Eurasian plate at a rate of 3cms a year
• It lies on a typhoon belt. Typhoons are the main hazard (20 per year)
Earthquakes are common 100% of the country is at risk
1.7c - Human factors that make the Philippines a hotspot?
- Manila is a megacity with a population density of 2000 people per km2
- The Philippines has a rapidly increasing population. 45% under 18 years old
- 27% of the country live in poverty so more vulnerable, with poor housing and access to resources
- Rapid urbanisation in Manila has lead to the creation of slum dwelling, about 20 million people live in slums and 1 tenth of those live in Manila
- High levels of deforestation has led to increased flooding and landslides. Forest cover in the Philippines has decreased by 56% in the postwar period. In 2006 a landslide near Guinsaugon village killed 1,800 people
3.3c - What are the physcial reasons the Sahel is switched off?
Arid lands so it’s hard to find resources to trade
Mostly desert therefore hard to build on
Very little rain which has lead to the failure of 80% of crops
Long drought in Chad, Mali and Niger
Long-term overgrazing in the Gulf of Guinea
Niger is landlocked so they can’t trade easily
3.3c - What are the economic reasons the Sahel is switched?
Sharp decline in number of tourists so there is no longer a flow of people and so loss of income
High unemployment rate so people in the sahel don’t have much money so they can’t afford internet and therefore are not connected to the wider world
3.3c - What are the political reasons the Sahel is switched off?
Boko haram active in this area deterring foreign people from entering and trading there
Chad, Mali and Niger are countries where jihadist extremists are present
Hostages being held from other countries such as countries in Europe
Collapse of the government in Libya in 2008
3.4b - What are the effects of global shift to China on worker exploitation?
Umbro (privately owned British company) - made in China - workers refused time off when ill, lose a month’s back pay if they leave the factory
Mizuno - publicly owned Japanese company - made in China - workers fined for flawed products - paid piece rates that vary according to how much work the management wants them to do
3.4b - What are the impacts of iPhone manufacturing in China?
Workers made to work long hours (11-13 hour shifts)
Days off are rare, trips to visit home allowed once a year
Workers prohibited from using certain devices, rooms raided and if targets not met, lunch breaks cancelled
In Taiyuan, inhabitants of villages and settlements around the Foxconn factory are unable to determine the damage the factory may be causing to their health. Rising numbers of respiratory disorders - already amounts to 70% of the illnesses among the villagers
Surrounding areas subjected to water and air pollution
3.4b - How is consumption changing in China?
Getting richer fast: the per-household disposable income of urban consumers will double between 2010 and 2020 from about $4,000 and $8,000
167 million households (close to 400 million people) will become the standard setters for consumption capable of affording family cars and small luxury items
% of consumers that are mainstream predicted to rise to nearly 30% by 2020 from 10%
At that point many families will be able to afford a range of goods and services that are now largely confined to the wealthiest urban areas eg overseas travel
3.4b - How has changing consumption affected air pollution in China?
750,000 Chinese people die prematurely annually from air-related respiratory diseases
China has 16 of the world’s 20 most polluted cities with 75% of urban residents breathing polluted air
China now emits more CO2 than any other country = acid rain falling on more than a third of the nation
3.4b - How has changing consumption affected water pollution in China?
300 million people use contaminated water daily and 190 million suffer from water-related illnesses annually
One third of all rivers, 75% of major lakes and 25% of coastal rivers are now classed as highly polluted
China is now the biggest polluter of the Pacific Ocean
3.5b - What is a global hub?
Global hub: A settlement that is a focal point for activities with a global influence.
Globalisation has increased migration to global hub cities.
3.5b - How much has economic migration risen?
Estimated n.o. of international migrants has risen from 150 million in 2000 to 272 million in 2020
Estimated proportion of international migrants who are children fell from 16.0% (2000) to 13.9% (2020)
N.o. of migrant workers was 164 million in 2020
Global international remittances (USD) has risen from 126 billion in 2000 to 689 billion in 2020
N.o. of refugees has risen from 14 million in 2000 to 25.9 million in 2020.
3.5b - How has low wage migration changed?
Low wage migration - only for remittances.
- 1845 thousand mexicans moved to the US from 2005 to 2010
- 1083 thousand Indians moved to the United Arab Emirates from 2005 to 2010
- 6391 thousand migrated to US from 2005 to 2010
- 3632 thousand migrated from India from 2005 to 2010
3.5b - What is the difference between economic migrants and elites?
Economic migrants leave their regions to improve their economic conditions rather than fear of persecution on the basis of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership of a particular social group. They are not, therefore, naturally entitled to refugee status.
Elite: minority population group with some combination of: high levels of wealth, social status, political influence, cultural influence. Can easily migrate under the Highly skilled migrants
programme (HSMP).
Eg: Footballers, Musicians, Academics, Politicians
Elite migration - Russian oligarchs
Low wage migration - south asian construction workers.
3.6b - Who are the players and what are their roles in the Papua New Guinea?
The PNG Government, mining companies and tourists are players
Their role is to communicate with the population of PMG to ensure they understand globalisation and its effects and how it can be effectively managed and also put into place policies that will stop the exploitation of its citizens and protect its citizens as well as its indigenous population (tribes)
3.6b - What are the arguments in favour of globalisation in PNG?
Globalisation has fueled investment into PNG e.g. globalisation-fuelled international investment ushered in the huge Bougainville copper mine in the 1960s and therefore a series of large and medium mining developments such as Hidden Valley.
Allowed for development - Bougainville was made PNG’s wealthiest province during the 1970s to 1980s due to plantations and small-holder cocoa production (Source: Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine)
Brings light to the tribes in PNG - After their land was recognised, Yanomani shamans worked with medics and therefore halved deaths from outsiders’s diseases (Source: Survival)
Class of local entrepreneurs emerging
Many development plans/goals have been made such as the Medium Term Development Policy (MTDP) 2004-10
