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Geography - Edexcel > Diverse places > Flashcards

Diverse places Flashcards

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1
Q

4.1c What factors affect population structure and dynamics?

A
  • Birth rate + death rate = natural change

- In-migration + out-migration = migrational change

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2
Q

4.1c Describe changes to UK fertility + morality rates over the last 50 years

A
  • Births in the UK have decreased to under 750k in 2017

- Deaths have decreased to under 600k in 2017

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3
Q

4.1c Describe changes to UK international migration rates over the last 50 years

A
  • More British are leaving - 50 thousand people left the UK in 2015
  • 175k people from the EU migrated to the UK compared to 20k in 1985
  • Around 225k non-eu citizens migrated to the UK in 2015 compared to under 50k in 1985
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4
Q

4.1c - Describe the Stages of the Demographic Transition Model

A

Stage 1 - high fluctuating eg PNG

  • BR + DR - high, Natural increase is stable
  • Religious values and lack of contraception plus diseases and poor medical knowledge

Stage 2 - Early expanding eg Chad

  • BR - high, DR - falls rapidly, NI - very rapid increase
  • Lack of contraception and improvements in medical care

Stage 3 - Late expanding eg India

  • BR - falling, DR - falls, NI - increases slower
  • falling infant mortality, better sewers, improved education

Stage 4 - Low fluctuating eg UK

  • BR - very low, DR - low, NI - slow decrease
  • education of women, fewer marriages, medical advances, better food supply

Stage 5 - Decline eg Japan

  • BR - very low, DR- low, NI - slow decrease
  • later childbirth, materialism, preventative medicine
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5
Q

4.1c How and why do the population structures of Inner London and Eastbourne vary from the UK average?

A

Inner London - bigger working population (20-49)/economically active - noise and crime drive elderly out, jobs attract younger pop
Eastbourne - Higher older population (65-89) - cheaper to move too, younger pop leave for work

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6
Q

4.a2 - What are the contrasting population characteristics in the UK?

A
  • Ethnicity - Southall (65.7% Asian), Camden (18.2% Asian), East Sussex (70.8% White)
  • Length of residence - SH (14.3% less than 2yrs), C (21% less than 2 yrs), ES (1% less than 2 years)
  • Sex - SH (50% male), C (46% male), ES (38% male countryside)
  • Religion - SH (35% Sikh), C (40% non), ES (73% Christian)
  • % of main language English - SH (40%), C (80%) ,ES (95%)
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7
Q

4.2b - What has had a role in shaping the population characteristics of Southall?

A

47.2% South Asian in Southall
Social clustering - 1950 first group of South Asians arrives to work in rubber factors + areas cheap
Accessibility - close to Heathrow - only 3 miles away
Government policy - Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 - allowed commonwealth citizens to stay in the UK

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8
Q

4.2c - Compare fertility rates and migration rates between Ealing and Camden

A
  • Fertility rates - Ealing (1.94 children per woman), Camden (1.24 children pw) - due to house prices and affluence
  • Migration rates - Ealing (4000/yr) lost, Camden (7000/yr) gained - due to covid (short term) and Brexit
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9
Q

4.2c - What has influenced international migration to the UK?

A

1793 - Aliens Act 1793 regulating French refugee immigrants
1845 - 1849 - Irish Potato Famine. 1 million Irish flee Ireland
1939 - 1945 - Polish Free forces arrive in Britain - 160,000 men of the Polish Army attached to the British army
1948 - Arrival of Empire Windrush - 1948 Commonwealth arrived in Britain
1993 - 1994 - Creation of EU - Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein signed EFTA - people allowed to come in
1995 - 1999 - 50,000 families granted British citizenship under the 1990 British Nationality (Hong Kong) Act
2004 - More countries such as Poland and Slovakia join the EU - 700,000 Poles move to UK
2010 - 2015 - Croatia joins EU

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10
Q

4.2c - What is the definition of multiculturalism?

A

Multiculturalism - the presence of, or support for the presence of, several distinct cultural or ethnic groups within a society.

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11
Q

4.3a - What regional and national factors have affected the character of Camden?

A
  • Canal - connected the port of London and Birmingham - inland port
  • Piano industry - located in Camden in 19th to early 20th century
  • Music - centre of live music eg KOKO
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12
Q

4.3a - What international influences have affected Camden’s character?

A
  • Bombs - heavily bombed in WW2 - mix of modern and Victorian homes
  • Irish - many migrated to Camden evident by pubs eg Quinn’s
  • Bangladesh and Somali community - south of the borough
  • Greek community - evident from restaurants and churches
  • French community - evident from bakeries and schools
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13
Q

4.3c - What factors might affect people’s perceptions of Camden?

A
  • Past experience - time perspectives differ
  • Age - modern or old Camden
  • Home location - outsider view points
  • School - diversity
  • Parentage + house prices
  • Personal characteristics
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14
Q

4.3c - What is the definition of ‘sense of place’?

A

Sense of place is the general ways in which people feel about places. It suggests intimate, personal and emotional relationships between self and place

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15
Q

4.3c - What internal and external factors have contributed to place identity in Camden?

A

Internal:

  • Most buildings in Camden are from 1860-1959 depending on area
  • Camden was mapped in the 1890s - the train station and canal have seen some change
  • Camden is dominated by large open green spaces
  • Around 65% of people have degrees
  • Most common surnames are Smith in the north and Begum in the south
  • Camden seen as ‘trendy’ and a social media hotspot

External:

  • lots of global brands bringing in tourism
  • Camden ranges from least deprived decile to 2nd most deprived decile
  • Labour dominated council and is very accessible by public transport

Demographic and cultural
- no change
- urban
-

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16
Q

4.3c - What internal and external factors have contributed to place identity in Southall?

A

Internal:

  • CBD, Victorian and waterside settings
  • No map so hard to compare change
  • Majority urban with some open space
  • Around 40% of people have a degree
  • Common surnames are Gill and Singh
  • Retail based
  • Hashtag has poses with Punjabi culture

External:

  • More local brands - barely involved in global tourism
  • Ranges from 6th to the most deprived area
  • Top method of transport is car or van with bus second
  • Mp is part of Labour

Demographic and culture
- large amount of immigration in 1990s
urbanisation rapid since the start of the 20th century

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17
Q

4.4b - What are some perceptions of modern London?

A
  • Crime - stabbings grew - 16% rise in 2018
  • Westminster has 800+ crimes reported per 1000
  • Housing crisis - second most unfair housing prices in the world
  • English now a foreign language in London - Terence Stamp
  • Congestion problems and smog problems
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18
Q

4.4b - What has happened to crime, renting, pollution and green spaces in London?

A
  • Crime between 2010-15 has changed unevenly getting worse in inner London and the outer suburbs and better in the inner suburbs
  • 50% of people rent socially in central London - less than 10% in suburban areas
  • Central London and motorways have high levels of No2
  • Less green space in the centre, more towards the fringes
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19
Q

4.4c - Where is Newham and give examples of where public perception and reality differ and coincide

A

Newham is situated on the borders of inner and outer East London

Public perception and reality differ

  • 51% of respondents are worried about crime even thou crime is decreasing
  • 75% of people agreed quality of life was good while 41% of Newham is in relative poverty

Public perception and reality coincide
- Housing perceived as an issue - rank of barriers to housing is 1908
87% saw a cohesive community from different ethnic backgrounds - 14% are Indian

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20
Q

4.5a+b - Why might Rural East Sussex be seen as ‘idyllic’?

A

Idyllic - extremely happy, peaceful or picturesque
Why:
- Open countryside and bracing sea view
- Network of footpaths
- Seven Sisters
- National park - 40 mil visit
- Historical associations - Battle of Britain
- Tranquil and natural landscapes - 100 mile long footpath
- Cultural associations - Glyndebourne - opera festival

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21
Q

4.5a+b - Who is more likely to see East Sussex as idyllic?

A
  • City person - kentish town - finds it idyllic - ‘fresh air’ ‘quiet’ - refers to class and occupation and childhood when talking about countryside
  • Old lady - east sussex - less transport, choice of school and jobs, lower wages
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22
Q

4.5a+b - Why might rural places be perceived as either idyllic or undesirable?

A
  • Religion
  • Ethnicity
  • Age
  • Occupation
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23
Q

4.5c - How might the level of rurality affect people’s perceptions in Holbrook, Happisburgh and Sutherland?

A

Three contrasting rural areas

  • Holbrook, Suffolk: A commuter village
  • Positives - play area and fields (youth), number of litter bins adequate (middle aged), village hall (elderly)
  • Negatives - more cycle paths and better mobile reception (youth), better public transport and safer roads (ma), 60% litter issue and major travel issues (elderly)
  • Happisburgh, Norfolk: A day-tripper village
  • Positives - primary school (y), strong community spirit (ma), proud of tradition (e)
  • Negatives - few services play equipment’s and beach wanted (y), anxiety about tourism and lack of services (ma), negative media (e)
  • Caithness and Sutherland: Remote rural
  • Positives - 51% committed stayers (y), 53% good place to bring family and safe (ma),
  • Negatives - 16% of pop is between 15 and 29 yrs (y), likely to leave, communication poor despite train service (ma)
24
Q

4.7a - Why are people moving from London

A
  • House prices - J - Covid may disturb this
  • Pollution
  • Levels of deprivation (GIS)
25
Q

4.7a - How does migrational changes reflect demographically and culturally?

A

Demo:

  • London is young
  • People age tend to move out to coast

Cult:

  • More ethnic minority in London
  • Higher concentrations of Christianity outside London
26
Q

4.7a - What was movement within the UK like in 2015?

A
  • Biggest destination regions: South East and East - 30%
  • Biggest source regions: South East and East - 34%
  • Most movement - London and South East and East
27
Q

4.7c - Why does international migration to rural areas create social challenges and opportunities?

A
  • increased competition for jobs - reduced pay levels - prep to work less - in Boston the average hourly waves is £9.13 while nationally it is £13.33 and across the East Midlands it is £12.26
  • housing issues and prices
  • language barriers - in Boston they have built a team of 10 people with a variety of languages like Polish to help support children and parents who cannot speak fluent English
28
Q

4.7b - How has globalisation contributed to international migration?

A
  • Poland, Romania, India, Ireland, Italy - top 5 commonest non-British nationalities
  • London + South East - non-uk population is over 50%
  • Brent 55% and Blaenau Gwent - 2%
  • Boston, Lincolnshire - 40% other white 2015 compared to 1% in 2001
29
Q

4.9 - How is Camden diverse and what are the tensions that come with diversity of living spaces?

A

Camden is very diverse but divided between long-term residents and recent migrants - Kentish town less there 1% lived there for less than 2 years (dont like change) - Somers town - 20% lived there for less than 20 years (demand change)

Tensions:
• Independent - 1994 - White Schoolboy stabbed by a group Asians - Mixed regents park and predominantly white Somers town estates
• The Observer - Hampstead Heath protests over mansions of the megarich - rich and even richer
• Ham&High - HS2 causes disruption with no benefit - Camden residents
- Anti-gentrification protests, Camden 2015

30
Q

4.9 - What are some of the challenges and opportunities that HS2 offers?

A

Challenges

  • Only benefits London
  • Cut down trees and moved people from their homes
  • Noise + air pollution

Opportunity

  • Less of a north-south divide
  • reduces time
  • jobs privded
  • reduced carbon footprint
31
Q

4.9a - What are some of changes that occurred in Camden from before 1850 to today and what opportunities and challenges arose from those changes?

A

Before 1850 - Camden began - Canal built - piano industry - Birmingham railway

  • O - trade + jobs - improved connectivity
  • C - pollution

1850 - 1900 - Alcohol industry - Irish migrants

  • O - jobs and trade
  • C - Criminality - peaky blinders - overcrowding and poverty

1900-1950 - trams - cigraette factory - Greek migrants - ww2 bombings

  • O - jobs - make public housing better
  • C - noise and poverty - houses need rebuilding - damage

1950 - 2000 - Camden Lock - filetring down to Bengali migrants

  • O - jobs - bring in people and money
  • C - overcrowding and cramped living spaces - tension between migrants

2000+ - sainsbusrys - cahnge of use offices for Asos instead of cigarette factory - gentrification - google hq

  • O - well paid jobs - house prices go up - revival of deteriorated urban places
  • C - people do not agree with redevelopment - displacement of lower-income families and small businesses
32
Q

4.10b - What does the government mean by deprivation?

A

IMD = The Index of Multiple Deprivation
- 7 domains of deprivation
• Income, Employment, Education, Health, Crime, Barriers to housing & service, Living environment
Investigating the extent of deprivation in Camden: Secondary sources
• Hotspots for deprivation - St Pancras, Gospel Oak, Kilburn

Primary sources:

  • Photos/filed sketches
  • Bi-polar analysis
  • Air quality monitoring
  • Noise level monitoring
33
Q

4.10b - What are some cultural and demographic issues?

A
  • Ethnicity - discrimination
  • Migration - reducing racial tension
  • Population structure - plans for change
  • Quality of life - improving access to housing
34
Q

4.11b - What are the economic, social, demographic and enviro judgements in Kings Cross and Angell Town?

A

Kings Cross

  • Out of the 2000 new homes only 37% affordable
  • Violent crime appears to have contributed to rise (183/1000 people)
  • Those who live there may be driven out due to increase in house/rent price
  • Increase in pollution due to increased use of transport eg Eurostar

Angell Town

  • Brixton house prices have mot risen as much as London average
  • Violent crime remains high (156/1000 people) stopped rising
  • Many people still not want to move there - some residents found attention hard at first
  • May not bring together as many plan or only focus on people that would not participate in the community at all before rather than whole community
35
Q

4.11b - What are the economic, social, demographic and enviro improvements in Kings Cross and Angell Town?

A

Kings Cross

  • House prices risen 20% more than London average 2006-2019
  • Creation of the floodlit sports pitch and swimming pool
  • UAL attracts young people
  • Creation of 26 acres of open space and the restoration of 20 historic buildings

Angell Town

  • Property prices in Brixton risen by average of 76%
  • New community facilities - clubroom, café etc
  • Evening Standard newspaper campaign 0 helped raise awareness - local primary school moved back into heart of community
  • Royal Horticultural Society community planting scheme
36
Q

4.11a - Compare two management strategies for 2 London areas (King Cross and Angell Town, Brixton)

A

KX - redeveloped area - lots of green space and clean white buildings

  • violent crime rose - 182 per 1000
  • Flat prices increased 20% more than av

AT - smaller scale - community gardening

  • violent crime stayed same - 156 per 1000
  • flat prices increased 90% lower than av

Why did KX need regenerating?
• Run down - crime ridden - not much affordable housing - many historic sites ditoriating -
Why did Angell Town need regenerating?
• Crime - house prices far below - high young black male unemployment
KX has been effectively managed?
• Large amount of regeneration - many schools attract young people
KX has definitely been effectively managed
• House prices have risen, 10,000 new jobs, 2000 new homes (37% are affordable)
Angell Town has been effectively managed
New facilities to keep children of the streets - new garden helped to bring the community together and get people doing something - middle class and white people were encouraged to move to the area to improve diversity

37
Q

4.12b+c - What are some of the common challenges in rural UK

A
  • Economy - Agriculture work, Low earnings
  • Infrastructure - Roads, Rail and Broadband
  • Affordable housing - Restrictive building policies
  • Services - Education, healthcare, shops
  • Environment - threats from agribusiness and tourism
  • Heritage - Natural and historic
38
Q

4.12b+c - Who are commonly marginalised groups on rural UK

A
  • Elderly - trapped at home + dependent on state pension
  • Young people - limited educational + work choices
  • Low paid manual workers
  • Disabled and long term ill
39
Q

4.12 - What are some of the opportunities, threats and solutions for the Lake District

A

What does it offer - Retail, Sightseeing, Walking, Watersports, Camping etc
What are the conflicts - Noise, Litter, Holiday homes (prices driven up), traffic, footpath erosion, pollution etc
What are the solutions - Educate, stiles, park and ride, signposting, improve footpath, 2 housing markets, organised tours
Lake District National Park Partnership - LDNPP - Many partners in the partnership
Want a - prosperous economy - world class experience - vibrant community - landscapes sustained and wildlife

40
Q

4.12 - What are the problems of the Lake District and what are the solutions propsed?

A

Problems

  • climate change
  • development pressure
  • visitor management
  • future of upland hill farming
  • decline of rural communities and rural isolation

Solutions
- support land management practices
- support extraction of building stone and slate
- actively monitor threats to industries - super fast broadband
- cultural tourism strategy
- promote and create new opportunities for outdoor adventures
- enable small scale housing schemes
develop and secure appropriate ways to tackle empty homes problem

41
Q

4.12 - How successful have these management strategies been?

A
  • C02 emissions 4.55% lower
  • 5000 hectares of peatland restored
  • no. premises with superfast broadband doubled
  • 19 mil people visited in 2017
  • 65+ pop increased to 29%
  • however local demographic becoming unbalanced and the overall pop is decreasing
42
Q

4.2c - What has influenced international migration to the UK?

A

1793 - Aliens Act 1793 regulating French refugee immigrants
1845 - 1849 - Irish Potato Famine. 1 million Irish flee Ireland
1939 - 1945 - Polish Free forces arrive in Britain - 160,000 men of the Polish Army attached to the British army
1948 - Arrival of Empire Windrush - 1948 Commonwealth arrived in Britain
1993 - 1994 - Creation of EU - Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein signed EFTA - people allowed to come in
1995 - 1999 - 50,000 families granted British citizenship under the 1990 British Nationality (Hong Kong) Act
2004 - More countries such as Poland and Slovakia join the EU - 700,000 Poles move to UK
2010 - 2015 - Croatia joins EU

43
Q

4.11b - Players and their roles in the Kings Cross management?

A

Local community - 7500 different people were asked about location and issues
Local Council - essential part of success has been balance of power between developers and local authorities - but council now so undermined and weakened
National Gov - 2006 outline planning permission granted - £550mil revamp unveiled by Boris Johnson
Businesses - argent property developer - google
Other - redevelopment has helped attract £2.2bil of private investment into previously largely derelict and disused 67 acre site

44
Q

4.11b - Players and their roles in the Angell Town management?

A

Local community - pilot project
Local Council - £100,000 donated from Lambeth Council
National Gov - £400,000 donated by gov to expand strategy
Businesses - Evening Standard newspaper campaign ‘The Estate We’re In’
Other - Royal Horticultural Society community planting scheme

45
Q

4.11c - What would a local Government deem a success/failure in promoting community cohesion, affordable housing, HS2 and stopping hate crime?

A

PCC - 2007 - housing corp published country’s first cohesion strategy - acknowledged housing providers alone could not resolve challenges of local cohesions issues
AH - lower rents are part of Camden Council’s aim to provide a Camden Living Rent for people living and working in the borough
HS2 - Camden Coun keen to get as much compensation from central gov as possible to address disproportionate impact on borough
SHC - police aim to increase reporting of crime via methods such as smartphone crime reporting apps

46
Q

4.11c - What would a national Government deem a success/failure in promoting community cohesion, affordable housing, HS2 and stopping hate crime?

A

PCC - Gov responded 4 years after 7/7 bombing by establishing the Commission on Inter-creation and Cohesion
AH - Current Mayor of London believes in equality of opportunity - ensures half of these properties are available are affordable
HS2 - Help to reduce north-south divide - city majors urge project to be delivered in full
SHC - home office and DCLG - judged on record with Hate Crime (rising) and wants to be seen to be supporting any efforts to combat it

47
Q

4.11c - What would a local business deem a success/failure in promoting community cohesion, affordable housing, HS2 and stopping hate crime?

A

PCC - peaceful community with a strong sense of cohesion good for business
AH - leads to people having more money to spend
HS2 - provide with more customers - shut down or relocate due to amount of space HS2 needs
SHC - businesses dont want to venture into places where many crimes occur

48
Q

4.11c - What would a local residents deem a success/failure in promoting community cohesion, affordable housing, HS2 and stopping hate crime?

A

PCC - wants the reduction of tension between different ethnic groups
AH - more affordable homes = less seeking social housing or become homeless - promotes better quality and standard of living
HS2 - many local had to be relocated due to construction with some dealing with noise and air pollution
SHC - people are able to go out without fear and the community is safer

49
Q

4.12b - What is the vision for the Lake District?

A

1) - Prosperous economy - businesses will locate in the National Park as they value the quality of opportunity, enviro and lifestyle it offers - many will draw on a strong connection to the landscape - traditional industries will be maintained to ensure a diverse economy
2) World class visitor experience - high quality and unique experiences for visitors within a stunning and globally significant landscape - compete with international market
3) Vibrant communities - people successfully living, working and relaxing within upland, valley and lakeside places where distinctive local character is maintained and celebrated
4) A spectacular landscape, its wildlife and cultural heritage - provides an irreplaceable source of inspiration whose benefits to people and wildlife are valued and improved - cultural resources managed and used wisely

50
Q

4.12c - What are the different stakeholders/players needs?

A

Cumbria Tourism - increase the numbers of tourists
Cumbria Wildlife Trust - Protect the wildlife
National Farmers Union - protect British farming
Forestry England - protect forests for generations to come
Cumbria County Council - Helping the local community
United Utilities - Provide meters for people in the North West

51
Q

4.12c- What evidence is there of success in ensuring preservation of the Lake District’s spectacular landscape, wildlife and cultural heritage?

A

Experienced a step change in the protection of the historic enviro through increased numbers of listed buildings and a significant reduction in scheduled monuments at risk. Estimated that the annual CO2 emissions in the National Park are 4.55% lower than in 2010 against a target of 8% lower. A huge 4,967 hectares of peatland has been restored in the last 5 years.

52
Q

4.12c - What evidence is there of success in ensuring a prosperous economy ?

A

Number of premises with access to superfast broadband has more than doubled from 40% to 84%. Number of day and overnight visitors has increased, particularly in the peak season. However their day spend has decreased.

53
Q

4.12c - What evidence is there of success in ensuring A World Class Visitor Experience?

A

In 2017, 19.17 million people visited and an increase of more than 4 million from 2015. The number of visitors per party has increased, with overseas visitors have increased in number spending £150 more per visit compared to UK visitors.

54
Q

4.12c - What evidence is there of success in ensuring vibrant communities?

A

Between 2001 and 2017 the proportion of the population aged 65+ living in the Park increased from 21.7% to 29%. 77 affordable houses have been built each year since 2017. Parish level data suggests up to 59% of houses are being used as second or holiday houses. However, the local demographic is becoming unbalanced and the overall population is decreasing and proportion of working age people is decreasing.

55
Q

4.12c - What has been successful in the management of the Lake District?

A
  • Declining pollution levels
  • Increase in affordable housing supply
  • Better appearance of built enviro
  • Improved connectivity

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